Diferencia entre revisiones de «Conflicto limítrofe entre el Ecuador y el Perú»
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Revisión del 18:31 25 jul 2005
Monumento peruano en conmemoración de los combatientes de la guerra de 1941 | |||||||||||||||||
| Historia militar del Perú | |||||||||||||||||
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| Conflicto | |||||||||||||||||
| Fecha | 1941-1942 | ||||||||||||||||
| Lugar | Tumbes and Amazonas, Peru El Oro and Guayas, Ecuador | ||||||||||||||||
| Resultado | Victoria peruana | ||||||||||||||||
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Historia del conflicto
After gaining independence from Spanish rule, Ecuador had been left without access to either the Amazon or the Marañón rivers, and thus had no access to the Atlantic Ocean.
It was not the first time that Peru fought several skirmishes (or wars) with Ecuador. The first, in which Peru prevailed, was during the years of 1859-1860 over the disputed territory bordering the Amazon. Peruvian President Ramón Castilla, concerned about the delicate situation, led a military expedition in order to secure and defend the boundaries. However, Ecuador entered a period of civil war that made the efforts of Castilla useless. Unable to negotiate with a recognised government, Castilla failed to extract a definitive agreement from Ecuador that might have conclusively settled the border issue, so it continued to fester throughout the next century.
In 1887, by mutual agreement of both governments (reached in the Espinoza-Bonifaz Treaty), it was stablished that the King of Spain would act as an arbitrator. The Herrera-García Treaty was drafted in 1890, and was speculated that it could solve the dispute once and for all. However, at the last minute the Peruvian Parliament refuse to ratify it, and negotiations once again reached a dead point. By 1910, both countries rejected the advice of the King of Spain, and each one returned to claim all the territories.
Another dispute was created after the signing of the Treaty of Salomón-Lozano (on March 1922), which favored Colombia at expenses of both Peru and Ecuador. The Putumayo River was established as the boundary between Colombia and Peru. Pressured by the United States to accept the unpopular treaty, President Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo finally submitted the document to the Peruvian Parliament in December, 1927. The treaty was unpopular with Ecuador, which found itself surrounded on the east by Peru (claiming the territory as integral part of its Republic). The Peruvian claim was recognised as valid by the Colombian authorities.
When Manuel Prado y Ugarteche won the Peruvian presidency in 1939 he was soon confronted with a border conflict with Ecuador.
Guerra peruano-ecuatoriana (1941-42)
The Ecuadorian-Peruvian War was fought between 1941 and 1942 between Ecuador and Peru.
Attempting to assert its territorial aims in a region near the Río Marañón, Ecuador militarily occupied Zarumilla, a town located in Peruvian territory. The Peruvian Army responded promptly and confronted the Ecuadorian Army.
The brief war was a success for the Peruvian forces. Peru had established a paratroop unit in the region and used it to good effect - the first combat in the hemisphere involving airborne troops resulted in the securement of the town of Puerto Bolívar, in Peru on July 27, 1941. When military actions ceased at the end of the month, the Peruvian army had secured the Ecuadorian province of El Oro and much of the eastern jungle territory that Ecuador desired since the 1830s. Ecuador was forced to sign the Rio Protocol on February 1942, after the insistence of the Peruvian Government, which would not return the province of El Oro until a definitive peace treaty had been signed.
This action ended the war, awarding Peru approximately 205,000 square kilometres of previously disputed Amazon territory.
Desenlace
By 1960, Ecuadorian President José María Velasco Ibarra declared that the Rio Protocol was nul and invalid. According to the Velasco Ibarra Administration, the treaty had been signed under military occupation, and the presence of geographical obstacles have made it impossible to enforce.
However, this proclamation made little international impact (the treaty was still held as valid by Peru and four more countries), since it was used by President Velasco Ibarra in order to gather political support with a nationalistic and populist rhetoric. Another war would be necessary to settle the dispute.