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'''NASDAQ''', [[acrónimo]] de '''''N'''ational '''A'''ssociation of '''S'''ecurities '''D'''ealers '''A'''utomated '''Q'''uotation'', corresponde al mercado electrónico de acciones en los [[Estados Unidos]]. Fue fundado por la ''National Association of Securities Dealers'' (NASD) y se privatizó en una serie de ventas en el [[2000]] y el [[2001]]. Pertenece y es operada por la compañía '''Nasdaq Stock Market''', Inc. ({{nasdaq|NDAQ}}), la cual fue listada en su propio sistema de intercambio accionario en el 2002. NASDAQ es la bolsa de comercio electrónico más grande de los Estados Unidos. El actual jefe ejecutivo es [[Robert Greifeld]].
'''NASDAQ''', [[acrónimo]] de '''''N'''ational '''A'''ssociation of '''S'''ecurities '''D'''ealers '''A'''utomated '''Q'''uotation'', corresponde al mercado electrónico de acciones en los [[Estados Unidos]]. Fue fundado por la ''National Association of Securities Dealers'' (NASD) y se privatizó en una serie de ventas en el [[2000]] y el [[2001]]. Pertenece y es operada por la compañía '''Nasdaq Stock Market''', Inc. ({{nasdaq|NDAQ}}), la cual fue listada en su propio sistema de intercambio accionario en el 2002. NASDAQ es la bolsa de comercio electrónico más grande de los Estados Unidos. El actual jefe ejecutivo es [[Robert Greifeld]].

Dear Mr Tata

Your family were quite friendly with my father Mervyn F S Young who was the victim of some ID thieves who murdered him in March 2006. Some of them originated from Walton Road in Woking Surrey UK. Please read the enclosed information. I hope you will help to eradicate the TY.CIA Mafia of Turkish origins but with a significant presence in India.
Two of my children were murdered by these criminals and I believe they murdered my last wife and are behind the disappearance of a subsequent girlfriend who was a daughter of The Sultan of Brunei. It is almost impossible for me to communicate these criminals interfere with my Banks and my emails and phone calls.

The Tata Group needs to be accutely aware that there is a significant problem with executives who have travelled to Thailand and been replaced by look a likes who have returned to their office in India with a hidden agenda to rob the Tata group of companies.

I note these criminals have been very busy attempting to damage the "JAGUAR" car brand both pre and post acquisition.

http://www.google.co.th/search?hl=th&q=erik+young+human+rights&meta=&aq=f&oq=

==WHICH EMPIRE DO YOU CONSIDER EVIL??? WAS IT THE BRITISH EMPIRE.. ARE YOU INDIAN MEMBERS OF THE TY.CIA HEROIN CARTEL WHO ARE ROBBING THE WORLD ?==
Dear David
These are some of the crimes I exposed to the Banking World.
I have lost two of my children both murdered, my father and my partners and live a very very lonely life because of the lies of The Church of Scientology which is controlled by the TY.CIA who are The Heroin Mafia of Turkey International Network and nothing to do with the USA CIA for whom I act as an informant.
Regards
Erik
== 2009 until end 2010 Global Community Public Embargo on all Indian products and services ==
The 11th Commandment ammended.
Tsunami was not an earthquake it was a Nuclear Atomic Explosion.

It seems that India has become well known for exporting its Heroin Class A Illicit drug network across the World. These criminals work in the drugs and Information technology industry and are part of the Scientology network a part of the TY. CIA (Turkey's Heroin Mafia).

The TY.CIA has ravaged Thailand by placing people in its' network in Banks and other financial institutions and robbing the International banking System using other people's names just as it does to launder money.

The United Nations member states need to take control of India's Nuclear Industry both their Power Industry and Weapons Industry. Unless this is done there will be an embargo on ALL India's products and services. Shipping companies will refuse to ship to India or out of India and the same applies with the aerospace industry. Plane manufacturers will refuse to supply india with any further aircraft.

A notice to ICANN: The Internet industry will lock India out of the global Internet network until it is convinced that India is co-operating with the demands set down in this notice. Stealing/kidnapping the children or grand children of officials who obstruct the logistics of the illicit Heroin trade is not going to be tolerated any longer.

These directives are effective as of the 1st May 2009. A copy of this notice will be served upon The United Nations by its' presence in The Public Domain. Officers of The United Nations will be prosecuted by Private Prosecution if they fail to conform and co-operate with this Notice. The United Nations should conduct a hair test on all their senior Officials. This is to protect the officials against the risk of being tricked into Heroin use by the TY.CIA Network many of whom hide behind the identity of The Church of Scientology.

A ten percent penalty will be charged upon ALL of India's overseas investments. This may be returned after ten years provided within this time period India has erradicated child labour/abuse and respects and upholds the 'Human Rights of Children'. India is also expected to follow the Articles set down under The United Nations Declaration of Human Rights.
In the event that Tsunami was caused due to the negligence of India's Nuclear industry and National Security then India will be liable for ALL the costs incurred by Tsunami.
I believe Tsunami was the work of the TY.CIA and their manipulation of Government Ministers and some Senior Officials in the Nuclear Industry.

Land and property and other assets that belong to the beneficiaries of Prince Consort Albert husband of Queen Victoria, and also The King of Denmark's beneficiaries are to be acknowledged and all ground rent owing is to be negotiated for settlement. These were private investments and quite detached from the issue of India separating itself away from The British Empire in favour of independence.
Erik Young (Henry-Rasmussen-Fogh-Jellinek -Einstein-Steinway--Munch-Van Gogh- Gauguin-Da Vinci-Kennedy-Nesbitt)Friends of The Vatican UN Human Rights Ambassador Bangkok Thailand

The Cisco Corporation are duty bound to disable and/or withdraw their product from anyone knowingly using their routers to send packets of data throughout the Internet that contain information aiding and abetting the illicit class A HEROIN trade. This includes closing services to Stock Markets and major corporations that may be knowingly laundering class A illicit Heroin business/financial instruments. An example of one such Stock Exchange is The Stock Exchage of Istanbul Turkey...
THE THEOLOGICAL SELL ORDER: PLEASE ACTIVATE WITH IMMEDIATE EFFEC
How we will make the Heroin dealers "HISTORY"..
The Stock Exchanges of the World need to join together with week and have a SELL ORDER on all their interests within The Stock Exchange of Istanbul and also their Bonds Bills and Property Market and Currency Market.
The Government of Turkey were committed to erradicating the HEROIN trade as part of their agreement when joining the EU.
In fact they have allowed the reverse to happen and the Heroin trade has been expanded into a larger section of the European Community. This is by way of relabelling the illicit class A drug Heroin and placing it in drink products and food additives some of it sold through Network Marketing Companies and The Church of Scientology that is a major crime network living off property and assets stolen off beneficiaries of the Estate of deceased wealthy people.
Therefore Turkey has breached the contract it entered into with the member states of The European Union Economic Community and since it involves a class a illicit drug and proceeds of serious organised crime turkey is automatically expelled from membership to the EU for a number of years.
The dumping of financial investments in Turkey is now unavoidable since continuing to hold investments in their market would constitute the investment banks as supporters of the illicit Heroin trade. This means the FSA of the UK and The Securities and Exchange Commission in the USA would be forced to take disciplinary action and criminal proceedings against the investments bankers and possibly suspend their firms from trading. In the event that this isn't done the general public will call for the arrest and prosecution of officers of the regulatory bodies FSA of the UK and Securities and Exchange Commission of the USA (no offence intended) as a matter of criminal law and protecting the human rights of consumers in the World.
THESE HEROIN TY.CIA KILL CHILDREN AND THEIR MOTHERS AND FIT PEOPLE UP AS HEROIN DEALERS AND STEAL IDENTITIES AND ROB FAMILIES OF THEIR ASSETS. THEY RUIN ENTIRE COUNTRIES THEN FIT UP LEADERS LIKE MOLOSIVITCH FOR CRIMES THEY COMMITTED WHILST LOOTING PLACES LIKE SERBIA. SO PLEASE TAKE IMMEDIATE ACTION AGAINST THE FINANCIAL MARKETS OF TURKEY AND IT'S INTERESTS ELSEWHERE. THANK YOU
PENSION FUNDS OF TURKISH COMPANIES NEED TO BE FROZEN AND ALL CASH LUMP SUM PAYMENTS WITHHELD PENDING REPAYMENT OF FUNDS TO VICTIMS OF THE TY.CIA (TURKEY cONSTANTINOPLE iNT AIRPORT) HEROIN MAFIA. ALL THEIR OVERSEAS ASSETS NEED TO BE SEIZED AND LQUIDATED TO REPAY THE FAMILIES OF VICTIMS OF THE KILLING FIELDS OF CAMBODIA, RWANDA, ANGOLA,MOZAMBIQUE, THAILAND AND EX-PATS MURDERED FOR THEIR PENSIONS WHERE THE TY.CIA HAVE USED ALLUMINIUM SULPHATE TO CAUSE HEAR FAILURE AND /OR BRAIN HAEMORAGE/STROKE.
PLEASE WILL THE FINANCIAL COMMUNITY PETITION THE THAI MILITARY UPON ANY RESISTANCE WHATSOEVER TO SHOOT DEAD ON SIGHT ANY OF THE REMAINING TY.CIA IN THAILAND AND TO INTEROGATE THOSE WHO SURRENDER AS TO THE WHEREABPUTS OF MISSING GIRLS AND CHILDREN. THESE MEN ARE NOT THAIS THEY ARE HEROIN DEALERS AND TORTURERS.
THESE WERE THE PEOPLE WHO RAIDED THE DAILY MIRROR PENSION FUND AND COMMITTED GENOCIDE IN SERBIA CAMBODIA THAILAND RWANDA ANGOLA MOZAMBIQUE... JUST SHOOT THEM DEAD UNLESS THEY SURRENDER WITHOUT ANY RESISTANCE.
IF YOU ARE A MEMBER OF THE PUBLIC AND YOU COME ACROSS A GROUP OF THEM JUST RUN THEM DOWN WITH YOUR CAR DO NOT RISK THEM GETTING CONTROL OF YOU OR YOUR CHILDREN.
ACCOMPLICES of the ex-Prime Minister ABHisit (Actual Bodily Harm is a serious violent crime in the UK) HAVE AIDED AND ABETTED HEROIN USE FOR PROFIT.
THEY ARE TOTALLY INDECENT IMMORAL SELF ORIENTATED PEOPLE WHO ARE A DANGER TO ANY COUNTRY IF THEY GET A GRIP ON ITS POLITICAL AGENDA. THAILAND HAS BEEN IN THE GRIP OF TESE PEOPLE WHO WERE BROUGHT HERE BY SHINAWATRA.
Erik Young (Henry-Rasmussen-Fogh-Jellinek - Einstein-Munch-Van Gogh- Gauguin-Kennedy-Nesbitt) UN Human Rights Ambassador Pattaya Thailand

Clearstream Banking S.A. (CB) is the clearing division of Deutsche Börse, based in Luxembourg.
It was created in January 2000 through the merger of Cedel International and Deutsche Börse Clearing, part of the Deutsche Börse Group, which owns the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Cedel, established in 1971, specialized in clearance and settlement. In 1996 it obtained a bank license. In July 2002 Deutsche Börse purchased the remaining 50% of Clearstream International for €1.6 billion. Deutsche Börse's strategy is to be a vertical securities silo, providing facilities for the front and back ends of securities trading. By 2004 Clearstream contributed €114 million to Deutsche Börse's total Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) of €452.6 million. It handled 50 million transactions, and was custodian of securities worth €7,593 trillion.
In Révélation$ (2001), by investigative reporter Denis Robert and ex-Clearstream banker Ernest Backes, Clearstream was accused of being an international platform for money laundering and tax evasion via an illegal system of secret accounts (the "Clearstream Affair").
In Spring 2004, a "Second Clearstream Affair" began, which attracted more attention in 2006. Peripheral to the primary Clearstream Affair, it accused several French political figures, industrial leaders, and members of the secret services of maintaining secret accounts at Clearstream, which allegedly were used to transfer kickbacks in a France–Taiwan frigates scandal.

[edit] Accusations
In 2001, investigative reporter Denis Robert and Ernest Backes, an executive at Cedel until May 1983, published a book, Revelation$[1] in which they alleged Clearstream played a major part in the underground economy, was a main platform for money laundering for hundreds of banks, and "operated hundreds of confidential accounts for banks so they could move money undetected," according to Business Week.[2]
Backes and Le Figaro were sued by Clearstream and found guilty of libel on March 29, 2004. However, all financial demands made by Clearstream were rejected by the judges, who considered the information revealed to be "serious and cross-checked, absent of any animosity, and expressed with caution," and the case was due to be heard in Appeals Court in 2006.
After the initiation of an investigation in Luxembourg, on suspicion of money laundering, tax evasion, and other fraud, Clearstream's CEO, André Lussi, resigned (See below). This enabled Deutsche Börse to purchase the remaining 50% of Clearstream International in July 2002. According to some, such as Business Week, Lussi had opposed such a takeover.
Following the July 2004 anonymous revelations about secret personal accounts, allegedly maintained by important French political figures, Volker Potthoff, a member of Deutsche Börse's board, was asked to conduct an audit and control mission regarding Clearstream.
A long-time officer of the German Stock Exchange (aka Deutsche Börse), Potthof was surprised by what he found in Luxembourg, and proposed more stringent measures concerning the CSD's customers and the control of accounts. However, Jeffrey Tessler, also a member of Deutsche Börse's board and the person there responsible for Clearstream, asked Pothoff to resign. Potthof departed in January 2006, and officially ceased his functions on June 30, 2006.[3]

[edit] Clearing
Clearstream often has been described as a bank for banks, as it practices what is called financial clearing. Basically, its duty is to record transactions between the accounts of different banks, and use that data to calculate the relative financial positions of banks with regard to each other.
So a bank can just order a transaction between its own account and the other bank's account, in lieu of less secure methods such as carrying a case full of currency or securities around on the street; the bank merely transmits an order to Clearstream to credit/debit one of its own accounts and the other bank's account(s). This general system is in use between regular companies, governments, and banks around the world.
The purpose of Clearstream is to facilitate money movements around the world, particularly by handling the resolution of sales of European stocks and bonds, in which market Clearstream was a major player, with an estimated 40% market share until May 2004 - together with its competitor Euroclear, the two firms settle 70% of European transactions.[4] Furthermore, in January 2006, Clearstream was the 18th largest employer in Luxembourg[5]
Clearstream does not hold a monopoly in this market: Euroclear, owned by the market, and SWIFT are competitors. However, SWIFT mainly assures routing, while only Euroclear and Clearstream supply cross-border securities clearing and settlement services; Clearstream's quasi-monopoly is demonstrated by this European Union statement declaring that "Clearstream Banking AG is an unavoidable trader partner."[6]
Euroclear was created by JP Morgan in 1968 in Brussels (Belgium). By the end of 2000, JP Morgan had extricated itself from Euroclear, but JP Morgan still is one of the 120 international banks which own shares in Euroclear. In 2000, Euroclear processed 145 million transactions, dealing with a total of 100,000 billion euros.[7]

[edit] Eurodollars
Cedel (now Clearstream) and Euroclear were started to manage transfers of "eurodollars," U.S. currency kept in banks outside the United States. By the 1990s, the Federal Reserve estimated that about 2/3 of U.S. currency was held abroad as eurodollars.
Cedel and Euroclear later expanded into handling transfers of stock titles and other financial instruments. In 1975, several big Italian and German banks wanted to centralize their accounting, so other members of Cedel directly sent them transfers to the main branch.
"The Cedel council of administration — its board of directors — authorized banks with multiple subsidiaries not to put all their accounts on the published list. Backes and Gérard Soisson, then Cedel's general manager, set up a system of non-published accounts (...) Requests for non-published accounts came from some banks that were not eligible, but Soisson turned them down," writes Komisar.[8]

[edit] "$1.5 trillion math errors"
Business Week said, in 2001, "Earlier this year, Clearstream, which handles the back-office paperwork for some 40% of European stock and bond trades, was found to have overstated its assets in custody by $1.5 trillion. (It has $6.5 trillion.) If Clearstream makes $1.5 trillion math errors, customers are understandably nervous—and some have moved to rival Euroclear."[2] According to investigative journalist Lucy Komisar, Clearstream is audited by KPMG, one of the largest global accounting firms. KPMG declared that it found "no evidence" to support the allegations made by Denis Robert and Ernest Backes, although its report was not made public.

[edit] Clearstream's dominant position
On June 2, 2004, the European Commission found that "Clearstream Banking AG and its parent company Clearstream International SA (“Clearstream”) infringed competition rules by refusing to supply cross-border securities clearing and settlement services, and by applying discriminatory prices. The Commission’s investigation revealed that Clearstream refused to supply Euroclear Bank SA ('Euroclear Bank') with certain clearing and settlement services, and applied discriminatory prices to the detriment of this customer."
The decision states that "Clearstream refused to supply to Euroclear Bank clearing and settlement services for registered shares issued under German law," underlining the "dominant position" of Clearstream since it "is the only final custodian of German securities kept in collective safe custody, which is the only significant form of custody today for securities traded. New entry into this activity is unrealistic for the foreseeable future. Therefore, Clearstream is an unavoidable trading partner."
The Commission defined clearing and settlement as follows:
"Securities clearing and settlement are necessary steps for a securities trade to be completed.
Clearing is the process by which the contractual obligations of the buyer and the seller are established.
Settlement is the transfer of securities from the seller to the buyer and the transfer of funds from the buyer to the seller. (...)
Clearstream Banking AG is Germany's only Wertpapiersammelbank (Central Securities Depository).
"The Commission considered that during the reference period concerned, 1997 through 2001, Clearstream held a dominant position for providing cross-border clearing and settlement services to intermediaries situated in other Member States. The investigation therefore focused on a specific cross-border market and the decision does not set out findings that go beyond that relevant market."
The Commission underlined in a note that, "Central Securities Depositories hold securities and enable securities transactions to be processed through book entry. In its home country, the Central Securities Depository provides processing services for trades of those securities that it holds in final custody. It can also offer processing services as an intermediary in cross-border clearing and settlement, where the primary deposit of securities is in another country."[6]

[edit] Daewoo shutdown inquiries
After Daewoo was split apart in 2000, Clearstream became the subject of two commissions of inquiry in Lorraine (France) conducted before the French parliament and European parliament.

[edit] The Clearstream Affair
[edit] "The greatest financial scandal in Luxembourg"
In 2001, co-authors Denis Robert and Ernest Backes released a book called "Révélation$," followed by Robert's "La Boîte Noire," describing what has been named the "greatest financial scandal in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg."[9] The little publicity their works received came only in the French media, and even there publicity was minimal. In a number of interviews, Denis Robert accused "Le Monde" of deliberately suppressing articles and reviews of his book, suggesting that financial links between "Le Monde" and Deutsche Börse (which now owns 100% of Clearstream's shares) were the cause of this censorship. Denis Robert described Clearstream as a huge money laundering and tax evasion machine, used by major banks, shell companies, and organized crime all over the world. Clearstream's alleged criminal activities used an automated system of unpublished accounts, revealed to Denis Robert by Ernest Backes and Régis Hempel, a vice president of Clearstream who, as a computer engineer, had helped set up the system in the 1970s.

[edit] Banco Ambrosiano scandal
Further information: Banco Ambrosiano
By 1980, Ernest Backes had become Cedel's #3, in charge of relations with clients, but he was fired in May 1983, allegedly because he "knew too much about the Ambrosiano scandal," one of Italy's major political scandals. Two months after his dismissal, Gérard Soisson was found dead in Corsica. The Banco Ambrosiano, allegedly involved in money-laundering for the Mafia and owned in majority by the Vatican Bank, collapsed in 1982. The bank "laundered drugs- and arms-trafficking money for the Italian and American Mafias, and in the 1980s it channeled Vatican money to the Contras in Nicaragua and to Solidarity in Poland", according to Komisar.
In 2005 the Italian justice system reopened its investigation of the murder of Roberto Calvi, Ambrosiano's chairman; it has requested the support of Ernest Backes, and will investigate Gerard Soisson's death, according to Komisar. Licio Gelli, headmaster of Propaganda Due masonic lodge (aka P2, it was involved in Gladio's "strategy of tension" starting from the 1969 Piazza Fontana bombing), and mafiosi Giuseppe Calo, are being prosecuted for the assassination of Roberto Calvi. Ernest Backes explained: "When Soisson died, the Ambrosiano affair wasn't yet known as a scandal. (After it was revealed) I realized that Soisson and I had been at the crossroads. We moved all those transactions known later in the scandal to Lima and other branches. Nobody even knew there was a Banco Ambrosiano branch in Lima and other South American countries."[8]

[edit] Secret accounts and the workings of 21st century economics
Gérard Soisson was the person who authorized each non-published account, "which would be known only by some insiders, including the auditors and members of the council of administration." "With Soisson out of the way, there was nothing to stop the abuse of the system," wrote Lucy Komisar. Whereas Soisson had refused numerous requests to open non-published accounts (from such institutions as Chase Manhattan in New York, Chemical Bank of London and numerous subsidiaries of Citibank), Cedel opened hundreds of non-published accounts — all of them irregular — especially after the arrival of CEO André Lussi in 1990. No longer were they just sub-accounts of officially listed accounts, Backes charges. Some were for banks that were not subsidiaries or even official members of Cedel. At the start of 1995, Cedel had more than 2,200 published accounts. But in reality, according to documents obtained by Backes, Cedel that year managed more than 4,200 accounts," leading to an alleged total of "2,000 unpublished accounts in 1995."
Régis Hempel, vice president of Cedel, explained to the Paris Tribunal de Grande Instance how the system of unpublished accounts was generalized, allowing all sorts of illegal operations; Clearstream, during the lawsuit against Denis Robert for "defamation", did not deny it (See below). According to Hempel, some dormant accounts were activated for special transactions: "Such an account can be opened in the morning, used for a transaction, and closed to appear as delisted in the evening,", Backes explains. "Only the guy who gave the order to open it in the morning knows about the transaction. An investigator or auditor would not look at such an account because it doesn't appear on the accounts list."
Among the major companies with unpublished accounts, Backes discovered the Shell Petroleum Group and the Anglo-Dutch consumer-products firm Unilever, one of whose accounts was associated with Goldman Sachs. "By 2000," according to Backes, "Clearstream managed about 15,000 accounts (of which half were non-published) for 2,500 clients in 105 countries; most of the investment companies, banks and their subsidiaries are from Western Europe and the United States. Most of the new non-published accounts were in offshore tax havens. The banks with the most non-published accounts are Banque Internationale de Luxembourg (309), Citibank (271) and Barclays (200) (...) On the April 2000 Clearstream list, there are 37 Colombian accounts, of which only three are published."[8] German multinational Siemens had four non-published accounts, while Crédit Lyonnais bank had 23 and Japanese Nomura 12.[10]
Although an investigation of Clearstream was begun in France and Luxembourg, and a European Parliamentary report on money laundering denounced Luxembourg's financial activities, Clearstream continued to use unpublished accounts. According to Denis Robert, in 2001, a year before being bought back by Deutsche Börse, Clearstream managed 330,000 unpublished accounts.[11]
This system of unpublished accounts made it possible to hide money for the purposes of money laundering, tax evasion, accounting manipulation, and fraud. It allegedly was used for such purposes by a large variety of banks, among them Columbian banks linked to the drug cartel, Bank Menatep involved in the "Kremlingate," and the French Credit Lyonnais involved in a major crash in the 1990s. The money from the Taiwan frigates scandal allegedly transited via Clearstream, as did the money from Elf oil company, two major financial scandals which shook France in the 1990s. Clearstream secret accounts also allegedly held part of the Argentine debt which led to the December 2001 riots. Numerous unpublished accounts were owned by Argentine companies and by Citibank, which managed a large part of Argentine funds.
Another revelation of Denis Robert's book is that, according to the May 9, 2001 op-ed by Bernard Bertossa, attorney general in Geneva, Benoît Dejemeppe, king's attorney in Brussels (procureur du roi), Eva Joly, investigative magistrate in Paris, Jean de Maillard, magistrate in Blois and Renaud van Ruymbeke, a judge in Paris, entitled "The 'black boxes' of financial globalization," is that:
"The chaos of financial flux is only an appearance. Of course, offshore banks and tax havens perfectly hide the points of arrival and of transit of dirty capital. It is even their reason of existence (raison d'être). Trying to find the illegal money flux in those offshore centers is hopelessly doomed... However, since capital from criminal origin pass in the same financial 'pipes' as other ones [legal funds], i.e. clearing and financial routage companies, they become vulnerable precisely during their transfer [in those clearing companies]."[12]
In other words, all financial money flows, legal or illegal, have to pass through Clearstream or Euroclear; the system of unpublished accounts, of which a few (less than 10%) also were found at Euroclear, is the way illegal funds are metamorphosed into legal funds which can be used to buy any financial service. Michel Volle, economist and former INSEE administrator, has compared this financial system to famous historian Marc Bloch's description of predation in the Middle Ages, in his book Feudal Society (1961):
"I believe that the actual economy is composed by two types of relations: balanced exchanges, where both parties have the same power to refuse or accept the transaction; and predation, where one of the party is in the position to impose the transaction to the other party. Predation, compensated by charity, is the typical feudal relation (cf. Marc Bloch, The Feudal Society). Balanced exchange has been put in place with the industrial society at the beginning of the 18th century. Predation didn't disappear at this time - the mafia is a feudal organization - but it was in the industrial economy an archaïc remnant. But it is coming back with the automated and computerized economy which founds the actual technic system and in which risk and violence, both extreme, goes in pair (cf. my work "E-conomie" and also F..-X. Verschave, Noir Silence). Therefore, the economy has divided itself in two parts, one working under the balanced exchange regime, and the other under the predation regime. Shakespeare's heroes are coming back! The interface between these two parts is money-laundering, which allows the results of predation to enter the "normal" and legal circuit. Thereby, predators can acquire influence (controls of the media and, through them, governments), prestige, and honorability; thus bankers, politicians, and magistrates that the predators have bought may enjoy in complete tranquillity of the fruits of corruption... This, and not the First Employment Contract, should have provoqued the demonstrations! But, as you say, medias are what predators control the best".[13]

[edit] A "black box" of Cedel
Ernest Backes also explained that a company named Cedel International, located in Geneva, had been inscribed in the Swiss register of commerce but not included in the books of the mother company, Cedel International in Luxembourg. "This non-consolidated 'branch,' whose president is Robert Douglass of New York, former private secretary of Governor Nelson Rockefeller, and vice chairman of the Chase Manhattan Corporation [now J.P. Morgan Chase], apparently had not raised too many questions for Swiss federal magistrates." Backes qualified this "black box" as "institutionalized tax evasion at highest level in world finance,", noting that tax evasion was even "more or less expressed in the objectives of the company as filed in the Swiss register of commerce." The "branch" has since "been resold to another Luxembourg holding company, with the people in the backyard remaining mostly the same."

[edit] March 2000 French parliamentary report
In March 2000, a parliamentary report by French deputies Arnaud Montebourg and Vincent Peillon, entitled "Parliamentary Report on the obstacles on the control and repression of financial criminal activity and of money-laundering in Europe," dedicated its whole third section to "Luxembourg's political dependency toward the financial sector: the Clearstream affair."[14]

[edit] Judicial investigations & libel lawsuits
Following the publication of "Revelation$," the tribunal of Luxembourg opened up an investigation on February 26, 2001. The judge finally declared no proof of "systematic manipulations" had been found, but found evidence of accounting manipulation and tax evasion.[15] However, the case was dropped on November 30, 2004, due to the running of the statute of limitations. At the beginning of the 1990s, Luxembourg had no specific law prohibiting money laundering..
The Reuters dispatch describing the closing of the money laundering probe gave no reason for the dropping of the case, i.e. the statute of limitations. Reuters is dependent upon "Deutsche Börse," which now owns Clearstream, to supply its data feed to their subscribers. In addition to Clearstream, Deutsche Börse also owns the German Stock Exchange and Eurex "Termin" (futures) market. The Reuters cable also stated that Clearstream successfully sued Backes and French newspaper "Le Figaro" for libel on March 29, 2004, but deliberately failed to follow up the initial October 1, 2003 judgements (see below). Reuters quoted Deutsche Börse's Chairman Designate André Roelants as stating that "this announcement is very important as it closes once and for all this chapter.".[16]
In 2003, the Paris Court rejected all of the finance company's requests (Clearstream was seeking damages of 500,000 Euros because of "defamation"), and condemned Clearstream to pay 3 500 Euros to Denis Robert.[17] The magistrates decided that the Clearstream money laundering evidence was "serious and cross-checked, lacking in any animosity and expressed with caution".[18] The suit is due to be examined by the Appeal Court in 2006.
Denis Robert also has been sued for defamation by other banks and companies incriminated by the book: 50+ different cases — among which Bank Menatep, Banque Générale du Luxembourg, etc., in which the author and his editor Laurent Beccaria were acquitted in all but two cases, and damages for both cases of one Euro were awarded. On January 27, 2006, once more Denis Robert was charged by a Luxembourg committing magistrate for defamation, slander, and insults.
A complaint was opened in March 2001 against Ernest Backes, and Denis Robert was included in it five years later: "I am very surprised of this accusation five years after the facts and of the energy which the Luxembourgian justice puts continuing to harass me while it was not at the end of the inquiry opened for money laundering, tax evasion and corruption against Clearstream", Robert said. An organization, "Freedom to inform," declared to Le Nouvel Observateur magazine that "By transforming the affair Robert in affair Frieden (Luxembourg Minister of Justice, of the Treasury and the Budget), every signature will be a civil act which protects the freedom of the media in Europe."[19]

[edit] Suspension & investigation of Clearstream's CEO
On May 15, 2001, André Lussi was suspended from his CEO position at Clearstream, and on December 31, 2001, he departed the company on mutual agreement.[20][21] In February 2004 an investigation was opened against him, on money laundering, fraud, and tax evasion charges.[22][23] André Lussi was replaced by André Roelants, who had been at Dexia. After years of investigations, all allegations made against André Lussi turned out to be completely causeless and the lawsuits were abandoned by the courts.[24]

[edit] Refusal of the European Commission to open an investigation: 20 Minutes ' revelations
Along with Ernest Backes, Denis Robert presented Revelation$ to the Capital Tax, Fiscal Systems and Globalization intergroup of the European Parliament in March 2001 and also to the French National Assembly. The European Commission did not react to the question raised by European MPs (MEP) Harlem Désir, Glyn Ford and Francis Wurtz, who asked the Commission to investigate the accusations made by the book and to ensure that the 10 June 1990 directive (91/308 EC) on control of financial establishment be applied in all member states in an effective way. Commissioner Frits Bolkestein observed that "the Commission has no reason to date to believe that the Luxembourg authorities do not apply it vigorously". The three MPs then issued a press statement demanding an investigation by the European Union of the correct application of the June 10, 1990 directive.[12][23]
On April 26, 2006, 20 Minutes revealed that "in May 2005, MEP Paul Van Buitenen was shocked by Frits Bolkestein's presence on Menatep's international consultative council, a Russian banking establishment, and by his work for Shell, a British-Dutch petrol company, two firms 'maintaining secret accounts in Clearstream'... Van Buitenen, also Dutch, then asked for 'clarification' to the European Commission and the opening of a parliamentary investigation. The Commission's president, José Manuel Barroso, replied that these facts 'do not bring up any new question' and that it is not known 'if Menatep made contact with Bolkestein while he was in these positions'. No investigation therefore took place."
The free daily points out that "in 2001, it was Bolkestein himself who announced the Commission's refusal to open up a parliamentary investigation on Clearstream", following Harlem Désir's requests and accusations that Menatep had an "undeclared account" at Clearstream. Bolkestein refused to answer any questions by the newspaper, which recalls that Van Buitenen, former European public servant, had already revealed a vast corruption affair in 1999, which led to the resignation of the Commission presided by Jacques Santer (who has also been prime minister of Luxembourg) and the fall of Edith Cresson.[25]
Furthermore, two Belgian Senators, Isabelle Durant and Jean Cornil, proposed a law in 2004 to create a national investigation commission charged with the investigation of the use of accounts in "clearing and routing firms" to commit fiscal frauds (tax evasion) and/or money-laundering[26]

[edit] Clearstream's reply
In April 2006, while the second "Clearstream affair" was beginning to make French media headlines (See below), Clearstream filed a lawsuit against "John Doe," targeting this time the anonymous denunciations claiming that Nicolas Sarkozy and other French political personalities had secret accounts at Clearstream, which would have been used for hypothetical kickbacks. Former French Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin is reportedly under investigation for what may have been his involvement in spreading the false charges against the current French President Sarkozy.[27]
Furthermore it answered questions of 20 Minutes in an interview, denying knowing anything about the various attempts to create European-level investigations commissions about its internal workings. It also denied "the existence of parallel accounts" and of "personal accounts" (in response, Denis Robert published a list of several personal accounts on his blog[28]). However, the company did recognize that "a banking establishment may request an unpublished account, that is, an account only known by the establishments concerned by the transaction, control authorities, and the auditors of the firm". Clearstream also indicated that it had "spent 15 million euros on various audits without finding anything," Denis Robert's accusations.[29]

[edit] Nadhmi Auchi, largest private share-holder of BNP Paribas bank
Iraqi-born Nadhmi Auchi, # 34 on the "Sunday Times Rich List 2004" (# 22 on the same list in 2005) and 13th richest man in Britain according to The Guardian, estimated to be worth $1 billion according to Forbes, also appeared to be a key figure in the implementation of the double accounting system.[30]
Auchi was convicted of profiteering by the Paris Criminal Court, and received a 15-month suspended sentence, for his involvement in Elf's scandal, "the biggest fraud inquiry in Europe since the Second World War. Elf became a private bank for its executives who spent £200 million on political favours, mistresses, jewellery, fine art, villas and apartments".[31] The "Guardian" noted that Nadhmi Auchi had helped Orascom (which owns Djezzy GSM), owned by Onsi Sawiris (worth $5.2 billion with his family according to Forbes[32]), gain a contract to set up mobile phone networks in post-Saddam's Iraq. As owner of the General Mediterranean Holdings, Auchi is the largest private shareholder of BNP Paribas, which until 2001 managed the escrow account through which the money from the Oil-for-Food programme transited.

[edit] Bank Menatep
Further information: Bank Menatep
Bank Menatep, owned by Mikhail Khodorkovsky, was involved in the "Kremlingate", when $4.8 billion in IMF funds were diverted to various banks, including US banks.[33] It opened up its non-published Cedel account #81 738 on May 15, 1997. "Menatep further violated the rules because many transfers were of cash, not for settlement of securities", writes Komisar. "For the three months in 1997 for which I hold microfiches, Backes says, only cash transfers were transferred through the Meanatep account. There were a lot of transfers between Menatep and the Bank of New York." Natasha Gurfinkel Kagalovsky, a former Bank of New York official and the wife of a Menatep vice-president, was accused of helping launder at least $7 billion from Russia, according to Komisar. US investigators have attempted to find out if some of the laundered money originated with Menatep.
On November 26, 2003, Backes and another ex-banker, Swiss citizen André Strebel, filed a criminal complaint with the Swiss attorney general against Khodorkovsky and his colleagues Platon Lebedev and Alexei Golubovich, accusing them of money-laundering and supporting a criminal organization. They requested an investigation and a search of records of the Swiss office of Menatep SA, Menatep Finances SA, Valmet. and of Bank Leu in Geneva, related to claims of fraud against the Russian company Avisma and money-laundering by Menatep in Switzerland. According to this complaint, Bank Menatep has been linked since its creation to the Russian oligarchy and criminal organizations, such as Khodorkovsky, Alexander Konanykhine and the Russian godfather Semion Mogilevich. "Even though Menatep officially failed in 1998, it oddly remained on the non-published list of Clearstream accounts for 2000", wrote Komisar. Clearstream's listings also present 36 other Russian accounts, most non-published.[34]
In April 2006, Clearstream declared, to the French edition of 20 Minutes, that if "Menatep may have strange accounts, it wasn't closed because of money-laundering". It also claimed that it dealt with "banks accredited in their country of origin", but not with "establishments that are registered on the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering's black list".[29]

[edit] The Second Clearstream Affair
The Second Clearstream affair began in July 2004, when anonymous denunciations sent to magistrate Renaud Van Ruymbeke accused various important French political figures of having received kickbacks related to the Taiwan frigates scandal, through secret personal accounts at Clearstream. Clearstream was again pointed out as having been a major platform for illegal financial transactions.

[edit] The Taiwan frigates scandal
In 1991, France sold six frigates to Taiwan, which led to more than five billion francs of kickbacks, with intermediary Andrew Wang as a major figure. The large amounts of these kickbacks made this affair one of the most important French political and financial scandals of the 1990s. The kickbacks were exposed after the 1993 murder of naval captain Yin Ching-Feng, who had written a report critical of the $2.8 billion purchase. Eight deaths have been linked to the affair, and 13 military officers and 15 arms dealers were sentenced by Taiwan courts to between 8 months and life in prison for bribery and for leaking military secrets.[35][36] The money for these illegal percentage fees transited through Clearstream, according to Denis Robert.


El NASDAQ es una bolsa de valores electrónica y automatizada cuya oficina principal está en Nueva York. El NASDAQ Stock Market se fundó en la década de 1970. NASDAQ lista a más de 7.000 acciones de pequeña y mediana capitalización. Se caracteriza por comprender las empresas de alta tecnología en electrónica, informática, telecomunicaciones, biotecnología, etc.
El NASDAQ es una bolsa de valores electrónica y automatizada cuya oficina principal está en Nueva York. El NASDAQ Stock Market se fundó en la década de 1970. NASDAQ lista a más de 7.000 acciones de pequeña y mediana capitalización. Se caracteriza por comprender las empresas de alta tecnología en electrónica, informática, telecomunicaciones, biotecnología, etc.

Revisión del 18:57 3 may 2009

Sede de Nasdaq en Times Square

NASDAQ, acrónimo de National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation, corresponde al mercado electrónico de acciones en los Estados Unidos. Fue fundado por la National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD) y se privatizó en una serie de ventas en el 2000 y el 2001. Pertenece y es operada por la compañía Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc. (NASDAQ: NDAQ), la cual fue listada en su propio sistema de intercambio accionario en el 2002. NASDAQ es la bolsa de comercio electrónico más grande de los Estados Unidos. El actual jefe ejecutivo es Robert Greifeld.

El NASDAQ es una bolsa de valores electrónica y automatizada cuya oficina principal está en Nueva York. El NASDAQ Stock Market se fundó en la década de 1970. NASDAQ lista a más de 7.000 acciones de pequeña y mediana capitalización. Se caracteriza por comprender las empresas de alta tecnología en electrónica, informática, telecomunicaciones, biotecnología, etc.

Sus índices más representativos son el Nasdaq 100 y el Nasdaq Composite.

NASDAQ tiene su raíz en la petición del Congreso de los Estados Unidos a la comisión que regula la bolsa (Securities and Exchange Commission, SEC) de que realizara un estudio sobre la seguridad de los mercados. La elaboración de este informe detectó que los mercados no regulados eran poco transparentes. El SEC propuso su automatización y de ahí surgió el NASDAQ Stock Market, cuya primera sesión se llevó a cabo el 8 de febrero de 1971.

Entre 1997 y 2000, impulsó a 1.649 empresas públicas y en el proceso generó 316,5 miles de millones de dólares. Después de una profunda reestructuración en el 2000, NASDAQ se convirtió en una empresa con fines de lucro y totalmente regida por accionistas. Actualmente continúa incrementando su capacidad en el volumen de transacciones, siendo capaz de transaccionar 6 billones de acciones en un día. Hoy día, la sede de NASDAQ está alojada en un edificio del Times Square en Nueva York y se ha convertido curiosamente en una atracción turística para los visitantes que acuden a la ciudad.

Uno de sus presidentes fue Bernard Madoff, ex operador de Wall Street a quien en diciembre de 2008 (ya como presidente de Madoff Investment Securities de Nueva York) acusaron de un fraude gigantesco.

Véase también

Enlaces externos

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