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==WHERE ARE THE WORLD'S WORST MAFIA? THE TI.cia TURKISH INDIAN HEROIN MAFIA USING OTHER PEOPLES IDs PASSPORTS==
To Turk and Caicos Island Government
Did you know some of your citizens are living in Bangkok on the IDs of Thais that have vanished possibly murdered or tortured to death. These IDs have been selling by the TI.cia (Turkish Indian Heroin Mafia for between 1500 and 5000 thai Baht about US$150. Some of them work as taxi drivers, tuk tuk drivers etc.
Please forward details of your most wanted criminals to The Royal Thai Police
their address is: Police General Patcharawat Wongsuwan, Commissioner-General of the Royal Thai Police The Royal Thai Police Headquarters c/o Royal Thai Embassy, 1024 Wisconsin Ave., N.W. Washington D.C. 20007. Tel. (202) 944-3600 Fax. (202) 944-3611. counter: ( 711 )
www.thaiembdc.org
with their original IDs and names etc together with crime history etc.
Thank you
Erik Young (Henry-Rasmussen-Fogh-Jellinek-Holbock-Einstein-Steinway-Munch-Van Gogh-Gauguin-Da Vinci-Kennedy-Nesbitt) Friends of The Vatican UN Human Rights Ambassador Thailand
From: "Erik Young" <3745@mail.com>
To: letters@themailonsunday.co.uk
CC:
Subject: Murder
Date: Fri, 29 May 2009 01:10:03 -0500
Show Full Headers Back To [SENT]

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


== Khun Sa beau mont mon teeth, Drug King Pin, arranges the killing of 19 year old man == hit and run Dies at 73 MPH s Pearl Blue E300 badged E230 W124 Series Hamm Moor Lane Addlestone Weybridge Surrey a dark skinned TI.cia man 5ft 4 inches tall looks like he lived by the seashore and 60 years old contractor known a M4 Murder Morden Mercury Charoen Rat road and Thanon Chan road and Rama 3 perimeter his location
Photos Khun Sa, Drug King Pin, Dies at 73 see larger image uploaded by johan=egger ..... Khun Sa, Drug King Pin, Dies at 73 BANGKOK, Oct. 30 — Khun Sa, the publicity-loving Golden Triangle drug lord who thrived in the region’s kill-or-be-killed cauldron of ethnic rivalries and heroin-financed private armies, has died his hair Blue-Black at age 73.
"Well I was worrying about the Pearl Blue 300E badged 230E to cheat Thai Customs and Excise that was in the hit and run in Hamm Moor Lane Weybridge Surrey UK of a 19 year man who knew Apinya Young my daughter.

I know he used "Grecian 2000." to make it look like the GREEKS were the bad guys.

INSTRUCTION TO THE BANKING WORLD PLEASE CLOSE THE L/C UNDERWRITING THE BANK OF SRI LANKA BY THE CONSORTIUM THAT INCLIDED QUEEN VICTORIA PRINCE CONSORT ALBERT AND KINH FREDERICK OF DANMARK
THANK YOU

1957 WAS WHEN MR V A FOG(H) MY DANISH GRAND FATHER WAS BEING POISONED WITH MERCURY AND DEFRAUED OUT OF POSSESSIONS AND MONEY IN SIAM/THAILAND AND INDONESIA AND THE REGION. SAME BANK WAS A PROBLEM WITH AN L/C CONFIRMED ON A LONDON BANK SUPPLIER COMPANY A SINGAPORE REGISTERED FIRM OR HONG KONG. THE TMB DELAY PAYING UP THE VALEUE OF AN IRREVOCABLE L/C CONFIRMED ON A MAJOR EUROPEAN BANK.
The Thai Military Bank Public Company Limited commenced its operations on 8 November 1957 at No. 2 Rajadamnoen Avenue with Field Marshall Sarit Tanarat as Chairman of the Board, Mr. Chote Kunakasem as President supported by the total staff of 26.


ASIA'S BANKS ARE UNDERPINNED WITH L/Cs WORTH 100,000S BILLIONS US$DOLLARS. THIS WAS ORGANISED BY

KING FREDERICK OF DENMARK AND HIS COMRADES/ASSOCIATES.
THAT IS WHY EVERY DOLLAR NOTE STATES "IN GOD WE TRUST"
IF YOU WANT THE HEROIN MAFIA IN CHARGE THEN WE WILL CLOSE THOSE L/Cs. THEY ARE THE MOST VALUABLE

FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS WORLDWIDE DUE TO THEIR TERM OF USE AND THE COMPOUNDING OF THEIR VALUE.

SOME ARE WORTH OVER US$10,000 BILLION.
I THINK THIS CLEARLY DEMONSTRATES WE ARE MORE THAN JUST 'FAIR HAIRED'.

It looks as though it may be necessary to cash and close the L/Cs opened by the financial representatives of the former King of Denmark and left open for over 100 years. I am still being messed around by some people who think a European who is not in the Heroin Mafia has no rights in Thailand.
Financial instruments that underpin the entire banking system of Asia are still the benefit when cashed in of my grand father

whose name echoes the relationship V - Victoria A=Albert F=Frederick og = Og a Norwegian / Danish word
The Divine Right of Royal Kings is a political and religious doctrine of royal absolutism. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving his right to rule directly from the will of God (who is also known as Godfrey Robert Ida Love,sometimes condensed to the name "Watkins". Thus the term giving some a good "GRILling". The King is not subject to the
will of his people, the aristocracy, or any other estate of the realm, including the church. The doctrine implies that any attempt to depose the king or to restrict his powers runs contrary to the will of God and may constitute heresy.
Krishna who originated from God's "Holy Order Book" was rumoured to have 16108 wives. This is the source code behind the Messerschmidt 109 fighter plane.
"If you have any more wives you'll end up in a fight !" God bellowed down to Krishna.. "but I was just trying to protect the girls from those awful dark frightening Satanists who speak hyper-critical stories of the Royals and God ( Private Godfrey
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dadsarmy_1.jpg ) topped with a dressing of war making lies (war-mia-king-lies)"
" Yes I understand your good intentions Krifthna, but those Satanists suggest you have 16108 wives for reasons of

lust/unholy physics"
"Pardon?"
"Typical that's all they think about... sex sex sex drugs and more sex and then they wonder why they die at half the age of

God's apostles and disciples"

One of God's Bible Sales Director's http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Beck-1973.png
as Private Joe Walker during active service in Dad's Army, 1973
quotes "God's apostles only have sex occasionally but then it's a bit more than their "three minute wonder" so if you are mathmatical it's a far more enjoyable life with God's apostles than Sod's Law"

Frank Cannon on "Being Sophisticated " A picture tells a story of 1000 words...
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/73MarkIV.jpg/800px-73MarkIV.jpg
"WE DON'T ABDUCT OR TORTURE CHILDREN,WE DON'T MURDER CHILDREN AND WE DO NOT EAT CHILDREN
EITHER BUT WE HAVE EVIDENCE OF ALL THREE AT SOME SATANIC POINTS IN THAILAND.." THE RETURN OF FRANK
CANNON (WC Born September 27, 1920 - February 11, 1994)
FRANK CANNON is a tough, expensive, overweight PI with a taste for fine food and wine. A former cop, he quit the force after the tragic death of his wife and infant son in an automobile accident. Haunted by the incident, he's put all his energy and considerable weight into his new profession of private detective, eventually becoming well-known and well-respected among his peers, both public and private. Despite his bulk, though, he's no armchair detective, à la Nero Wolfe. He'll do his own legwork, thank you very much. He'd tool around town in his big ass Lincoln Continental, knocking on doors, taking down names, actually working his cases, unlike some TV dicks. He was a shrewd investigator, dedicated, clever and not afraid of
getting physical if he had to.


The Satanic Mafia - Khun Sa (Mr Beaumont/ Montieth and Heroin .... who lived in The Surrey Hills, St Georges Hill, Wentworth

Estate, Sun Hill in Sunning Hill Sunningdale and Black Hills Esher Surrey UK, killing) Why Montieth because I know they often tortured targets by damaging their teeth to cause extreme pain.

They stole my daughter of five years old and her mother. Then they lied to my girlfriend who was a daughter of The Sultan of Brunei. I do not know if they are live.

Attn: The Board of Directors of Akzo Nobel From: Erik Young founder of ICANN REGISTRAR EASYSPACE


http://www.google.co.th/search?q=erik+young+fire+bangkok+copyright&hl=th&sa=2

http://www.topix.net/forum/th/bangkok


Sophonpanich Mafia-origin Catalina)(4000 yrs of killing)

http://blog.wired.com/music/2008/03/students-school.html

They stole my daughter of five years old and her mother. Then they lied to my girlfriend who was a daughter of The Sultan of

Brunei. I do not know if they are live. They tried to fool me with look a likes. Regards Erik Young (Henry-Rasmussen-Fogh-Holbock-Jellinek-Van Gogh-Dauguin-Da Vinci=Kennedy-Nesbitt) who according to the Sophonpanich Mafia are the "Nothings from Nowhere". But they are quite

happy to use the telephone communiucations systems of the World we helped to invent develop and finance the world's first

Telecommunications Corporation "The Bell Corporation". They are quite happy to use technology that uses Electric Motors

that we helped to invent develop. We didn't go around killing people to get what we wanted like they do but I want them

executed for murdering my father and some of our friends (if I don't manage to kill them first). They have been interfering with

transfers of cash to my account with Standard Chartered Bank in Bangkok, where is the money Mr Sophonpanich you

murdering Heroin drug dealing bastard ?????????? Who in the Bank have your illegal THAI.CIA Mafia intimidated and lied to

???????

Posted by: Erik Young UN Human Rights Ambassador | Jan 27, 2009 2:35:56 AM

I suppose there is a criminal law in Spain and Ibiza that forbids the promotion of Satanism in any form including "Satanic

Games". The term "Games" is interpreted as describing the killing of living animals as "Game Shooting". And that OLD

Spanish Law ..doesn't it suggest all the assets of those involved in promoting Satanism and Satanic Worship/Games can beconfiscated / frozen/ seized ???? How many people have vanished in Ibiza in the last five years ?????

Interesting to read that one of the Brinks Matt Robbers had a 17 year old girlfriend when he was 51 years of age just two years older than Thaksin Shinawatra… and these are the same group who have worked with Mr Thaksin Shinawatra for years
committing serious crimes around the world. Did the Thai people know that Thaksin Shinawatra was from SPAIN ?????

Did you know Mr Thaksin Shinawatra was one of the people behind the "Brinks Matt Robbery" ?

Did you know Mr Thaksin Shinawatra has been involved in crime for over 25 years and that is where he developed his interest in mobile communications the developer (devils-offer) and the crime world ?

Did you know Mr Thaksin Shinawatra caused an internal fraud within The Nobel Group in France to damage the reputation of Mervyn F S Young and put him out. At the same time Shinawatra caused a fraud against the chipboard manufacturer in Austria started by Franz Aicher and put the chipboard mill out of business. Then there was the L/C fraud where where he changed the principle in the contract to be Mervyn Young and Company Ltd so they would become liable for the value of the fraud and lose about 250,000 UK pounds this was about35 years ago. These wre all instigated crimes by Thaksin Shinawatra in order for him to continue holding and selling land he had forged out of the title of my family.

In particular forging land title deeds in Spain, Gran Canaria, Ibiza and Majorca.

Did you know The Shin Corporation was laundering money for the crime world for years ? Discussion 5 : 05/02/2009 at 05:38

PM5 Why are they refering to Thaksin Shinawtra as a "PRESIDENT" ??? You cannot have a King of Thailand and a President,. Presidents replace Kings. Then the Thai politics has broken international law and made a series of criminal

offences.

"Suthep affirms his innocence in his statement A Deputy PM Suthep Thaugsuban affirms to remain innocent in his comment

on the ousted PM Thaksin Shinawatra’s incentive to return to Thailand as the first president, reasoning that his statement is

merely based on the former PM’s actions perceived by the public.

During the Parliamentary session today (Februay 5), Mr. Suthep Thaugsuban, a deputy Prime Minister overseeing national

security affairs, made a response to questions made by Phuea Thai Party MP regarding Mr. Suthep’s statement claiming that

the ousted former PM Thaksin Shinawatra would return to Thailand and become the first president. Mr. Suthep’s statement

had deeply annoyed the Phuea Thai Party members as they believed this could lead to further divergences in the nation. "

Anyway Thaksin Shinawtra has been arrest for a series of child abductions, murders,frauds,forgeries,thefts,treason, serious

Human Rights Offences.. I will be coming to Government House with a Military Team soon. Thailand "God's Given Land"

Einstein is 101 a messenger from God. My Aunt said "Erik you are God" I answred "Oh no I'm not going to get blamed for all

the problems Satan points at God by stealing his ID, like Satan did with the "Paedophile" scam on The Roman Catholic

Church. Get out of here Satan and your servants we will burn you until you are gone in a "Lake of Fire" by God's

Commandment you will perish for eternity during the next few hours. Erik Young UN

The problems include third party mobile phone callers duplicating voice of intended receiver. URGENT LEGAL EVIDENCE OF

MOTIVE FOR MURDER.

Please contact Herbert Smith Solicitors in London UK Regards Erik Young - Pattaya Thailand

DOES THAKSIN SHINAWATRA COME FROM CATALINA IN SPAIN????? I THOUGHT MR SHINAWATRA WAS A CHINESE

-THAI ?????

Did Mr Thaksin Shinawatra meet Mervyn Young in Gran Canaria in 1974 about one year after a Mervyn Young had been on a

business trip to South East Asia ? Has Mr Thaksin Shinawatra had any dealings with the "PLYWOOD" exports of South Korea

with an Alistair Dees where someone changed the contract making Mervyn Young's company the principle in the contract

when the company should have been the agent. Does Herbert Smith Solicitors in London remember this matter ??? because

I think someone intentionally sabotaged the contract in an attempt to damage the success and reputation of Mervyn F S

Young because they did not want him in Asia he might find out about the land they had "forged title of and defrauded" him

and his beneficiaries out of ?? Isn't that the case Mr Thaksin Shinawatra? "Erik this is Bob, I thought you new that already..."

"I did but I couldn't remember you told me before I returned here on The Blue Ship..." So that is why he has been trying to

destroy me and our family and our friends... looks like it may be land and property and Brand frauds and murders" "Well I did

tell you to deal with that L/C first and Montague Meyer were one of the major clients" "Bob how could I do that when I was

only 13 years old at school day dreaming about girls, I thought you meant a girl called Elsie or the Sweet Shop ?" "Bob where

is my personal life? I am not at all happy with a life of being psycho-terrorised can you put the scales of justice onto it, thank

you your Lordship."
My thought of compensation for damaging Mervyn Young's company and causing / arranging extreme emotional rage within

people that was enough to lead to his death. I would suggest the amount would be several UK hundreds of millions of

pounds. Mervyn Young's company had 23.8% of the imported chipboard market of the UK according to Dunn & Bradstreet

who considered the company to be good for unlimited credit. I believe other failures in suppliers firms The Nobel Group

division Resogil Chipboard Manufacturing Plant in Bordeaux France, there was some internal accounting issue although I do

not know the outcome with some strange financial discrepancies and chipboard manufacturer Aicher Spanplaten in Austria

which was financially damaged in a similar way, may be the result of sabotage from some people trying to keep Mervyn Young

out of both Asia and the USA where land belonging tomy mother's family was being occupied without authority or agreement

or legal title. These people we operating in business to destroy my father's reputation and finacial strength of business. It has

been a massive orgie of illegal deals involving forged or aunauthorised title transfers or bond of title to holders without the

knowledge of the beneficaries. It has involved the murder of children, the abduction of friends of my children, the murder of

friends of my children and the murder of Mervyn F S Young whio was a very honest man placing others before himself in the

world.. PLEASE NEVER TAKE ADVICE FROM SATAN HE KILLS THE HUMAN WITHIN OUR PHYSICAL. Erik Young (Henry

-Rasmussen-Fogh-Jellinek -Kennedy-Nesbitt)

BAAROT (DRIVING PEOPLE CRAZY BUSINESS) PIRATE AND PARROT - USED VOICE TO PSYCH PEOPLE OUTLIKE

TALKING CHICKENS

THE DEVIL'S OFFER (DEVELOPER) ORIGINATES FROM CATALINA WHERE LAND USED TO BUILT STRUCTURES WAS

DONE WITHOUT THE "LAND LORD'S" KNOWLEDGE AND/OR AGREEMENT. SO WHO IS SATAN...NOT MERVYN F S

YOUNG OR ANY OF HIS FAMILY ANDMOST OFOUR FRIENDS ARE BELIEVERS IN ALMIGHTY GOD THE LORD.

Kenneth James Noye (born 24 May 1947) is a British criminal who was convicted of the 1996 murder of Stephen Cameron.

Noye was involved in laundering the proceeds of the Brinks Mat robbery in 1983. While he was being investigated for his part

in the robbery, he stabbed to death a police officer (John Fordham) who was observing Noye from the grounds of his home.

Noye was acquitted of murder on the grounds of self-defence, but was sentenced to 14 years in prison in 1986 for handling

stolen gold. He was released from prison in 1994, having served 8 years of his sentence. Two years later, in 1996, Noye

became involved in an altercation with 21-year-old motorist Stephen Cameron on the M25 motorway during what was

described at the time as a road rage incident, but has also been suggested to have been dispute over a drug deal, Cameron

being a small-time drug dealer who owed Noye money. It however suited the purposes of both the prosecution and the

defence to not mention this during the trial.[1] During the fight, Noye stabbed and killed Cameron with a knife. Noye

immediately fled the country, sparking a massive police hunt. In 1998 he was tracked down in Spain, and Cameron’s 17-year

old girlfriend Danielle Cable, who had witnessed the killing, was secretly flown out to positively identify him. Another

eyewitness, Alan Decabral, declined protection and was shot dead in his car in Ashford, Kent on 5 October 2000. However,

police sources stated that he was himself involved in drug and gun-smuggling, and that his death was detrimental to Noye’s

forthcoming appeal, which would have concentrated on discrediting him.[2] Noye was a police informant for many years,[3]

and he was also a freemason, a member of the Hammersmith Lodge in London.... I was contacted by the ghost (passed

away/died 9 September 1976) Mao Tse-Tung who has told me the locations of the hidden/stolen Gold Bullion.

HOW THEY MURDERED MANY OPF JAPAN'S TOP BUSINESS PEOPLE.
­Mr Honda the founder of Honda cars was murdered bt the TI.cia (Turkish Indian Thailand based Heroin Mafia). they decided

to serve unsolicited euthanasia on people targeting older people so it looks like an accident/natural death far more easily

than it might if it was a thirty year old person. youn will find the TI.cia have committed several million murders of successful

industrialists and business people in the Western-capitalist-Modern World of commerce to damage competition and take

control of major global brands.

STANDBY LETTER OF CREDIT

The Royal Bank of Scotland


[1853]

IRREVOCABLE STANDBY LETTER OF CREDIT NO. [00000009]

BENEFICIARIES: Mr V A FOG (FRIENDS OF VICKI AND AL)
OLAV KYRES GTE CHRISTIANSEN (OSLO) 2
NORWAY

&

MAMIE MARGERET HENRY
BISHOPSGARTH
HEATHSIDE ROAD WOKING SURREY UK

BORROWER SIAM COMMERCIAL BANK LTD BANGKOK THAILAND

ACCOUNT PARTY: LOC - ASSETS OF THEAMWAY CORPORATION
WORLDWIDE HEADQUARTERS USA

Gentlemen:

We, [THE ROYAL BANK OF SCOTLAND,] (the “BANK”) hereby open our irrevocable standby credit (this “Letter of Credit”) on

behalf of [BORROWER’S NAME] (hereinafter the “ACCOUNT PARTY”) in favor of the RURAL UTILITIES SERVICE (“RUS”)

and [BORROWER’S NAME], (hereinafter the “BORROWER”) for the sum or sums not to exceed the aggregate amount of

[AMOUNT IN WORDS] Dollars ($000,000) (hereinafter the “Maximum Amount,”) to be made available by either of your

requests for payment at sight.

The BANK has been informed by the ACCOUNT PARTY that this Letter of Credit is issued to secure obligations as set forth

in that certain loan agreement, entered into between the BORROWER and RUS, dated as of [date] (as amended from time to

time, hereinafter the “Loan Agreement.”) The BANK also acknowledges that pursuant to said Loan Agreement, this Letter of

Credit may not be secured, guaranteed, or serviced by any asset of the BORROWER.

This Letter of Credit shall be valid until [insert date five years from today], provided however; that this Letter of Credit may be

terminated at any time with the prior written consent of RUS. After receiving RUS consent, the BANK shall provide written

notice of termination by certified mail to: (a) RUS at U.S.D.A., 1400 Independence Ave., S.W., Room 2854, Stop 1599,

Washington, D.C. 20250-1599; (b) the BORROWER at [Street, City, State, Zip] ; and (c) [LOC ISSUING PARTY’S NAME] at

[Street, City, State, Zip]. The notice required hereunder will be deemed to have been given when received by all parties.

Funds under this Letter of Credit are available to RUS and/or the BORROWER in one or more drawings upon the

presentation of one or more executed drafts payable at sight, in the form as provided in Exhibits 1 or 2 attached hereto, as

well as the original of this Letter of Credit (including all amendments thereto, if any). Such draft(s) shall be presented to our

office at [Street, City, State Zip], on any business day except those in which banking institutions in our State are

authorized or required by law to close. Partial drawings and multiple drawings are permitted under this Letter of Credit, as

well as drafts presented by one or both beneficiaries.

The BANK hereby agrees to honor one or more drafts drawn under, or demands for payment made under, and in conformity

with this Letter of Credit, up to the Maximum Amount, and accompanied by the documents required by this Letter of Credit,

and the BANK’s honoring of such draft or demand shall not relieve its obligation to so honor any further drafts or demands;

provided however, that our aggregate obligation to honor such drafts and demands shall not exceed the Maximum Amount as

reduced by prior draws hereunder. This Letter of Credit is not subject to any condition or qualification, and is the obligation

of the BANK which is in no way contingent upon reimbursement or likelihood of reimbursement.

This Letter of Credit sets forth in full the terms of our understanding with you, and this undertaking shall not in any way be

modified, amended, amplified, or limited by reference to any document, instrument, or agreement referred to herein, or in

which this Letter of Credit is referred to, or to which it relates, except only the drafts referred to herein.


Very Truly Yours,

The Royal Bank of Scotland

by:________________________
Name:BRIAN ANKER
Title: DIRECTEUR DE LE BANK DE LYONAISSE


"Ahhh that's good Peter we're finally back at heaven, you did remember to pick up the keys before we departed ...didn't you Peter ?"

"Oh No.... the keys... didn't you pick them up Bob...you looked ike you had pick up something...?"

Patrick McCready - suspect

Erik Young (Henry-Rasmussen-Fogh-Jellinek-Holbock-Einstein-Steinway-Munch-Van Gogh-Gauguin-Da Vinci-Kennedy-Nesbitt) UN Human Rights Ambassador Thailand



'''Wellington''' ('''''Te Whanganui-a-Tara''''' o '''''Pōneke''''' en [[idioma maorí|maorí]]) es la capital de [[Nueva Zelanda]] y también de la [[región de Wellington]], al sur de la [[Isla Norte]] (''North Island'' en [[idioma inglés|inglés]], en la que Wellington es la ciudad principal. Se trata de la segunda ciudad del país después de [[Auckland]] y la mayor capital de [[Oceanía]] si se tiene en cuenta su área metropolitana.
'''Wellington''' ('''''Te Whanganui-a-Tara''''' o '''''Pōneke''''' en [[idioma maorí|maorí]]) es la capital de [[Nueva Zelanda]] y también de la [[región de Wellington]], al sur de la [[Isla Norte]] (''North Island'' en [[idioma inglés|inglés]], en la que Wellington es la ciudad principal. Se trata de la segunda ciudad del país después de [[Auckland]] y la mayor capital de [[Oceanía]] si se tiene en cuenta su área metropolitana.

Revisión del 16:10 31 may 2009

Para otros usos de este término, véase Wellington.

Plantilla:Infobox City

Wellington (Te Whanganui-a-Tara o Pōneke en maorí) es la capital de Nueva Zelanda y también de la región de Wellington, al sur de la Isla Norte (North Island en inglés, en la que Wellington es la ciudad principal. Se trata de la segunda ciudad del país después de Auckland y la mayor capital de Oceanía si se tiene en cuenta su área metropolitana.

Como muchas otras grandes ciudades y capitales, la ciudad se extiende más allá de los límites de su término municipal, y su área metropolitana o Gran Wellington incluye las poblaciones y áreas rurales cercanas, la costa de Kapiti y la cadena montañosa de Rimutaka hasta la región de Wairarapa.

Origen del nombre

La ciudad recibió su nombre en honor de Arthur Wellesley, primer duque de Wellington, vencedor de la Batalla de Waterloo. El nombre original de Wellington viene de la población inglesa de Wellington, en el condado de Somerset.

La ciudad recibe tres nombres distintos en maorí. El primero de ellos, Te Whanganui-a-Tara, se refiere al puerto de Wellington y significa "el gran puerto de Tara". El segundo de ellos, Pōneke, es rechazado debido a que existe la creencia de que es la transliteración del antiguo nombre que recibía el puerto en inglés, Port Nick, abreviación de Port Nicholson. El tercer nombre es Te Upoko-o-te-Ika-a-Māui, y significa "La cabeza de el pez de Māui", normalmente abreviado como Te Upoko-o-te-Ika, un nombre más tradicional y respaldado por la Universidad Victoria de Wellington.

Historia

Fundación de la ciudad

La leyenda cuenta que la región fue explorada en el siglo X por el jefe Kupe de Hawaiki.

El primer asentamiento europeo se produjo cuando llegó un grupo de colonos británicos de la Compañía de Nueva Zelanda, a bordo del barco Tory, el 20 de septiembre de 1839. A este grupo le siguió otro de 150 colonos a bordo del Aurora, el 22 de enero de 1840. Los colonos construyeron sus primeras casas en Petone, en la zona llana de la desembocadura del río Hutt, actualmente un barrio de Wellington, y que fue llamado Britannia durante algún tiempo. Tras comprobar que esa zona era propensa a inundarse decidieron trasladar el asentamiento a las zonas más elevadas de las colinas, por lo que sus calles son bastante empinadas.

Terremotos

Vista de la ciudad desde el monte Victoria.

La ciudad está situada sobre una zona propensa a sufrir terremotos. Así, la ciudad sufrió los efectos devastadores de una serie de terremotos en 1848 y en 1855. En 1855 se produjo un terremoto en Wairarapa, en una falla al norte y este de la ciudad, siendo probablemente el más devastador que haya sufrido Nueva Zelanda en su historia y que se tenga constancia. Se estima que tuvo una magnitud de 8,2 en la escala de Richter. El terremoto provocó movimientos de tierra verticales de hasta dos y tres metros en una extensa zona, incluso elevó una zona del puerto que se convirtió en una zona pantanosa al subir la marea. Ese terreno fue posteriormente desecado y forma ahora parte de la zona de negocios de la ciudad. Esto es el motivo por el que la calle Lambton Quay está situada actualmente a una distancia entre 100 y 200 metros del puerto. Hay letreros que indican donde se encontraba el límite de la tierra en 1840 y se puede apreciar la cantidad de terreno ganado al mar.

El área de la ciudad tiene una actividad sísmica muy elevada, incluso comparándola con la media de Nueva Zelanda. Una falla pasa por el centro de la ciudad y algunas otras por los alrededores. Además, se han identificado centenares de pequeñas fallas en el área urbana. Tras el terremoto de 1855 la mayoría de las construcciones de la ciudad se hicieron de madera. Los edificios del gobierno restaurados en 1996 y situados cerca del Parlamento y la Estación de ferrocarril son los mayores edificios de madera del hemisferio sur. Aunque otros materiales como acero y ladrillos han sido usados posteriormente en la construcción de edificios, sobre todo de oficinas, los componentes de madera siguen siendo la base de las estructuras.

Elección como capital de Nueva Zelanda

Panorama de los edificios del gobierno.

En 1865, Wellington fue declarada capital de Nueva Zelanda, reemplazando a Auckland, donde William Hobson había establecido su capital en 1841. El Parlamento se trasladó a Wellington el 7 de julio de 1862, pero no fue la capital oficial hasta algún tiempo después. El traslado de la capital fue promovido por el Primer Ministro Alfred Domett, quien en una resolución del Parlamento en Auckland de 1863 afirmaba: "...se ha hecho necesario que la sede del gobierno... debería trasladarse a algún lugar apropiado en el estrecho de Cook." Aparentemente esto fue motivado porque las regiones del sur, donde los campos auríferos estaban localizados, podrían formar una colonia independiente. Fueron comisarios australianos independientes quienes eligieron Wellington como nueva capital debido a su puerto y a su situación en el centro geográfico del país. Oficialmente, el Parlamento se ubicó en Wellington el 26 de julio de 1865. En aquel momento la población de la ciudad era de 4.900 habitantes.[1]​ Desde entonces Wellington es la sede del Tribunal Supremo de Nueva Zelanda, cuyo antiguo edifico se ha recuperado para su uso original. La residencia oficial del Gobernador General, la Government House está en Newton, frente al Basin Reserve[2]​

Geografía

Vista de satélite de Wellington: (1) Wellington, (2) Bajo Hutt, (3) Alto Hutt, (4) Porirua.

Wellington está situada en el extremo suroccidental de la Isla Norte, justo en el estrecho de Cook, que separa la Isla Norte de la Isla Sur. En un día despejado es posible divisar los montes Kaikoura al otro lado del estrecho. Al norte se encuentran las playas de Kapiti Coast, en el este las montañas Rimutaka separan Wellington de las llanuras de Wairarapa, importante región de producción vinícola.

Wellington es la capital más meridional del mundo, con una latitud Sur de unos 41º. Es una ciudad muy densamente poblada si se compara con otras ciudades neozelandesas debido al poco terreno edificable entre el puerto y las colinas circundantes. Debido a las pocas áreas apropiadas para el crecimiento de la ciudad, las poblaciones cercanas han crecido mucho, dando como resultado una extensa área metropolitana. Debido a los fuertes vientos que soporta continuamente debido a su situación geográfica, la ciudad es conocida por los neozelandeses como Windy Wellington (Wellington la ventosa).

La vida en la ciudad está dominada por su área comercial y de negocios, la Central Business District (CBD), donde trabajan aproximadamente unas 62.000 personas, tan sólo 4.000 menos que en la CBD de Auckland, a pesar que ésta triplica la población de la capital. La vida nocturna y cultural de Wellington se concentra en Courtenay Place y en los barrios al sur del CBD, haciendo el barrio de Te Aro la mayor zona de entretenimiento de Nueva Zelanda.

Wellington es la primera ciudad del país en cuanto a ingresos por habitante y en cuanto a número de titulados universitarios.

El estrecho de Cook visto desde el monte Victoria.

Wellington es conocida por su pintoresco puerto natural y por sus verdes colinas adornadas con barrios de casas coloniales. El CBD está situado cerca de Lambton Harobour, un brazo del puerto. El puerto de Wellington está situado sobre una falla geológica activa, que se hace patente en su recta costa oeste, donde la tierra se eleva abruptamente. La mayoría de los barrios residenciales de Wellington se encuentran a una altura mayor que la del centro de la ciudad.

Al este se encuentra la península de Miramar, que está conectada a la ciudad por un istmo llano en Rongotai, donde se encuentra el Aeropuerto Internacional de Wellington. La estrecha entrada al puerto de Wellington se encuentra al este de la península de Miramar, y cuenta con las peligrosas aguas de poco calado de Barrett Reef, donde han encallado muchos navíos, el más famoso de ellos, el ferry Washine en 1968.

Existe una red de paseos y reservas naturales mantenida por la autoridad local y voluntarios. La Región de Wellington tiene 500 km² de parques y bosque. La Universidad Victoria y el Jardín Botánico se encuentran en la colina al oeste de la ciudad llamada monte Victoria, y a ambos lugares se puede acceder mediante un funicular llamado Wellington Cable Car.

En el puerto de Wellington hay tres islas: Matiu/Somes, Makaro/Ward y Mokopuna. Tan sólo la primera de ellas es lo suficientemente extensa como para ser habitada. La isla fue usada como campo de cuarentena para personas y animales, y durante la Primera y la Segunda Guerra Mundial como campo de internamiento. Actualmente es una isla protegida, sirviendo de refugio a especies en peligro de extinción, al igual que la Isla Kapiti que se encuentra siguiendo la costa. A la isla se puede acceder durante el día mediante el Dominion Post Ferry. Esa misma isla es un refugio para más de 600 parejas de pingüinos azules, que anidan y empollan en la zona, aunque no deja de ser parte de una colonia mayor que abarca toda la zona de Wellington.[3]​

Clima

Wellington tiene un clima oceánico (templado y húmedo durante todo el año). Los inviernos son largos pero con pocos días realmente fríos (la temperatura en Julio es de 10ºC-12ºC), mientras que los veranos son cortos y suaves (las temperaturas en Enero rondan los 20ºC-22ºC). La época más lluviosa es el invierno. La nieve es poco frecuente en la ciudad: no obstante, puede ocurrir cada tres o cuatro inviernos. Wellington cuenta con una media de casi 2025 horas de sol al año.

Demografía

La población de Wellington era de 410.000 habitantes en 2006 teniendo en cuenta la zona metropolitana. Según el censo de 2001, el 18,5 % de la población eran menores de 15 años, mientras que en Nueva Zelanda ese sector de población representaba el 22,7 %. Sin embargo, el porcentaje de personas mayores de 65 años era de 8,6 %, mientras que en el país era del 12,1 %.

El 85,6 % de la población es étnicamente de origen europeo, el 4,1 % maorí, siendo el resto de origen asiático o del resto de las islas del Pacífico.

La elevada población aumenta la demanda energética, por lo que se instalaron 7 turbinas para generar electricidad a partir de energía eólica, alcanzando una potencia instalada de 210 MW. Los generadores se instalaron algunos kilómetros al suroeste de Wellington, entre Makara Beach y el cabo Terawhiti.

Cultura

Te Papa Tongarewa, sede del Museo de Nueva Zelanda.

Wellington es la capital cultural de Nueva Zelanda. La ciudad es la sede de numerosos museos e instituciones culturales, como compañías de teatro o musicales. Entre los museos que alberga la ciudad cabe destacar el Museo de Nueva Zelanda o Te Papa Tongarewa, el Museum of Wellington City and Sea (Museo del Mar y Ciudad de Wellington), el Katherine Mansfield Birthplace Museum (Museo de la Casa natal de Katherine Mansfield), el Colonial Cottage, el Museo del crícket de Nueva Zelanda, el Cable Car Museum, la City Gallery y el Reserve Bank Museum. La ciudad también es sede de la Compañía nacional de ópera, de la Orquesta Sinfónica de Nueva Zelanda, el Nevine String Quartet, el Chamber Music New Zealand (Música de Cámara de Nueva Zelanda), el Ballet Real de Nueva Zelanda. La oferta de teatros es también importante, destacando el St James' Theatre, el Downstage Theatre, Bats Theatre y la Fundación de las Artes de Nueva Zelanda.

En la ciudad se celebran algunos de los más importantes eventos culturales de Oceanía. El primero de ellos, el festival artístico al aire libre, Summer '79. Actualmente la ciudad celebra una bienal de las Artes, un festival anual de Jazz, además de otros eventos como el Carnaval de la calle Cuba, el New Zealand Fringe Festival (Festival Alternativo de Nueva Zelanda), el Summer City, el New Zealand Affordable Art Show, y numerosos festivales de cine o de las comunidades étnicas de la ciudad.

La música es un arte importante en la vida cultural de la ciudad, y además de las agrupaciones y eventos mencionados, numerosas bandas como The Phoenix Foundation, Shihad, Fly My Pretties, Fat Freddy's Drop, o The Black Seeds son de esta ciudad. Además las Universidades Victoria y Massey, crearon en 2005 un conservatorio de música llamado The New Zealand School of Music (Escuela de Música de Nueva Zelanda).

La ciudad se ha convertido en el centro de la industria cinematográfica del país. Personajes destacados del mundo del celuloide, como Peter Jackson o Richard Taylor, han convertido el barrio de Miramar en uno de los principales lugares del mundo en cuanto a las infraestructuras disponibles para la creación de películas.

Otras artes como la literatura y el teatro también tienen su lugar. Así el Creative Writing Programme (Programa de escritura creativa) de la Universidad de Victoria, creado por el poeta y director de la International Institute of Modern Letters, Bill Manhire, ha permitido aumentar la actividad literaria. La ciudad cuenta con el Te Whaea, la escuela universitaria de arte dramático y danza. Wellington es también el hogar de la Improvised Theatre or Improv, un referente mundial en el teatro de improvisación, que incluye grupos como el Wellington Improvisation Troupe (WIT), The Improvisors y Joe Improv.

El centro de las artes, el Toi Poneke, sirve de unión para proyectos creativos, colaboraciones y producciones multidisciplinares.

Deportes

La ciudad de Wellington es la sede de varios equipos de distintos deportes:

  • The Hurricanes, equipo de la liga Super 14 de rugby.
  • Wellington Lions, equipo de rugby de la Air New Zealand Cup, liga de rugby de Nueva Zelanda.
  • Wellington Phoenix FC, equipo de fútbol de la liga australiana A-League.
  • Wellington Firebirds, equipo de crícket.
  • Wellington Orcas, equipo de rugby de la Batercard Cup, la liga de mayor nivel del país.
  • Capital Shakers, equipo de la National Bank Cup de netball.
  • Team Wellington, equipo de la liga New Zealand Football Championship de fútbol.
  • Wellington Saints, equipo de la National Basketball League de baloncesto.

En Wellington se celebran las siguientes competiciones deportivas:

  • Wellington Sevens, una serie de partidos de la competición mundial de rugby a 7 de la IRB. Se disputa en el Westpac Stadium cada febrero.
  • Una carrera de coches tuneados de 500 metros de longitud por las calles de la ciudad se celebró entre 1985 y 1996.
  • En 2005 se celebraron los campeonatos mundiales de carreras por montaña.

Wellingtonianos famosos

Peter Jackson, ganador del Oscar, uno de los wellingtonianos más célebres.

En la ciudad de Wellington han nacido o viven personajes como:

Ciudades hermanadas

Notas y referencias

  1. ↑ Phillip Temple: Wellington Yesterday
  2. ↑ El Basin Reserve es un importante campo de cricket de Wellington.
  3. ↑ «Positively penguin Wellington» (en inglés). Department of Conservation, Wellington. Marzo de 2001. Consultado el 28 de febrero de 2009. 

Enlaces externos

Obtenido de «https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wellington&oldid=26817526»