Usuario:Trufy23/Asociación De Patinaje Artístico De Estados Unidos
La asociación de patinaje artístico de Estados Unidos es una parte del gobierno nacional para el deporte del patinaje artístico en hielo de Estados Unidos. Es reconocido como tal por el Comité Olímpico de Estados Unidos "COEU" bajo la Ley de Deportes Olímpicos de Ted Stevens y es el miembro de parte de Estados Unidos en la Unión Internacional de Patinaje (UIP). Aunque el nombre de la organización es "asociación de patinaje artístico de Estados Unidos" se conoce por el nombre de "Patinaje artístico". Fundada en 1921, el Patinaje Artístico de Estados Unidos regula el deporte, también define y mantiene el nivel de competencia del patinaje. Especifíca las reglas para las pruebas, competencias y todas las actividades relacionadas con el patinaje artístico. El patinaje artístico de E.U. promueve el interés y la participación por el deporte, ayudando a los miembros patinadores, nombrando a los funcionarios, la organización de los concursos, las exposiciones y otras actividades de patinaje artístico y también ofrece varios programas.[1]
Los atletas que representan a E.U. en competencias internacionales de patinaje artístico son seleccionados por la asociación del patinaje artístico de Estados Unidos.
La asociación es una organización sin fines de lucro.
Historia
[editar]In 1921 the United States Figure Skating Association[2][3] was formed and became a member of the International Skating Union.[4] At the time of its formation, the Association was composed of seven (7) charter member clubs including: Beaver Dam Winter Sports Club,[5] The Skating Club of Boston,[6] Chicago Figure Skating Club[7] The Skating Club of New York,[8] Philadelphia Skating Club and Humane Society,[9] Sno Birds of Lake Placid,[10] and Twin City Figure Skating Club (which became the Figure Skating Club of Minneapolis in 1929).[11]
Since its inception through 1947, the governance activities of the Association were centered in New York City. The annual Governing Council meetings, as well as the annual Executive Committee meetings, were all held in New York City. In 1949 the Association transferred its offices to Chicago, Illinois. The offices were again moved, this time to Boston, in 1950. In 1979, the Association moved into its current headquarters in Colorado Spring, Colorado. This followed the USOC's move to Colorado Springs a year earlier in July 1978.[12]
In the 1930s, the Association made an effort to increase the number of competitive events by creating the three sectional championships, Eastern (1938), Midwestern (1933) and Pacific Coast (1936).[13]
In 1959, the Eastern and Pacific Coast Sections expanded their qualifying competitions by adding three Sub-Sectionals Championships each. The Eastern Section created the New England, North Atlantic, and South Atlantic Regions, while the Pacific Coast Section established the Central Pacific, Northwest, and Southwest Pacific Regions. It wasn’t until 1962 that the Midwestern Sectional finally added their regional championships to the qualifying competition cycle.[14]
The abbreviated name, "USFSA" was first used in April 1921 and trademarked in 1972.[15] The distinctive shield logo was adopted in 1964[16] and used until 2003 when U.S. Figure Skating instituted its current logo.[17]
In 2006, the Executive Committee was eliminated.[18] At the same time the Board of Directors was reduced to sixteen members from its previous 29 members.
As of May 5, 2007, the Association officially adopted the name "U.S. Figure Skating" and dropped the abbreviated name of "USFSA".[19][20]
Governance
[editar]U.S. Figure Skating is an association of clubs, governed by its members and its elected officers at national, regional and club levels.[21] As of June 2011, U.S. Figure Skating had 688 member, collegiate, and school-affiliated clubs[22] and a membership of 180,452.[22] Each member club may send delegates to the annual Governing Council meeting.
Governing Council
[editar]U.S. Figure Skating has a representational government. Clubs and individual members appoint delegates. The number of delegates representing a club and the individual members depends on the prior year's paid registered membership. Athlete delegate representation is required to be 20 percent of the prior year's registered delegate and proxy votes. Collectively these delegates meet annually (typically early May) to review, amend and ratify the actions taken by the Board since the prior year's Governing Council. This annual meeting of the appointed delegates is called the Governing Council.[23]
Board of Directors
[editar]The Board of Directors is charged with the management of the business and affairs of U.S. Figure Skating. It is currently composed of sixteen (16) members including: the president, three (3) vice presidents (one from each section), the secretary, the treasurer, four (4) group coordinators, two (2) coaches, and four (4) athletes.[24]
Presidentes
[editar]Samuel Auxier is the current president of U.S. Figure Skating. He began his term in 2014. The prior presidents are listed below.[25]
| Name | Term |
|---|---|
| Patricia St. Peter | 2009–2014 |
| Ron Hershberger | 2005–2009 |
| Chuck Foster | 2003–2005 |
| Phyllis Howard | 2000–2003 |
| James W. Disbrow* | 1998–2000 |
| Morry Stillwell | 1995–1998 |
| Claire W. Ferguson | 1992–1995 |
| Dr. Franklin S. Nelson | 1989–1992 |
| Dr. Hugh C. Graham Jr. | 1986–1989 |
| George T. Yonekura* | 1983–1986 |
| Oscar T. Iobst Jr.* | 1980–1983 |
| Charles A. DeMore* | 1976–1980 |
| Benjamin T. Wright | 1973–1976 |
| Frederick C. LeFevre* | 1970–1973 |
| Spencer E. Cram* | 1967–1970 |
| John R. Shoemaker* | 1964–1967 |
| F. Ritter Shumway* | 1961–1964 |
| Howard D. Herbert* | 1958–1961 |
| Kenneth L. Brown* | 1955–1958 |
| H. Kendall Kelley* | 1952–1955 |
| Harry N. Keighley* | 1949–1952 |
| Henry M. Beatty* | 1946–1949 |
| Walter S. Powell* | 1943–1946 |
| Heaton R. Robertson* | 1940–1943 |
| Joseph K. Savage* | 1937–1940 |
| Charles M. Rotch* | 1935–1937 |
| Sherwin C. Badger* | 1934–1935 |
| Charles M. Rotch* | 1932–1934 |
| Sherwin C. Badger* | 1930–1932 |
| Charles T. Church* | 1928–1930 |
| Henry W. Howe* | 1925–1928 |
| A. Winsor Weld* | 1921–1925 |
* Deceased
Committees
[editar]Committees, in particular the Permanent Committees, are responsible for proposing and enforcing the rules of the U.S. Figure Skating. Other special committees may undertake other projects, such as nominations and other ad hoc matters.
Permanent committees
[editar]The following table shows the Association's permanent committees:[26]
| Adult Skating | Athlete Development | Athletes Advisory | Audit |
| Coaches | Collegiate Program | Compensation | Competitions |
| Dance | Ethics | Finance | Grievance |
| International | International Judges & Officials | Judges | Membership |
| Memorial Fund | Pairs | Parents | Program Development |
| Rules | Sanctions and Eligibility | Selections | Singles |
| Special Olympics/Therapeutic | Sports Sciences and Medicine | State Games | Strategic Planning |
| Synchronized Skating | Technical Panel | Tests | Theatrical Skating |
Misión
[editar]“As the national governing body, the mission of the United States Figure Skating Association is to provide programs to encourage participation and achievement in the sport of figure skating on ice.”[1]
Operaciones
[editar]Director ejecutivo
[editar]The Executive Director is responsible for the day-to-day operations of U.S. Figure Skating. Mr. David Raith is currently serving in that capacity and has done so since 2005. He is charged with carrying out the policies, programs, and goals of the association as approved by the Board of Directors.[27]
Departamentos
[editar]The departments that support U.S. Figure Skating's operations reside at its headquarters in Colorado Spring, CO. These departments are staffed by full-time employees. They administer and manage the association's day-to-day affairs.[28]
| Athlete Development | Athlete High Performance | Events | Finance |
| Information Technology | Marketing and Communications | Membership | Executive Director |
Finanzas
[editar]The Association is a non-profit organization.[29] As of June 30, 2011, U.S. Figure Skating had revenue, support and gains of approximately $24.9 million derived primarily from dues, admissions and activity fees, skating events, sponsorships, broadcast and licensing, publications, grants, and other sources. The association expended approximately $12.9 million on its various programs and services plus an additional $2.4 million on management and general administrative expenses, under which the departments listed under the “Operations – Departments” are included.[30]
Oficiales
[editar]Member clubs arrange to hold test sessions and competitions. The competitions are conducted under the supervision and authority of U.S. Figure Skating appointed officials. The member club (for competitions, the club is sometimes call the local organizing committee or “LOC”) is responsible for many of the ancillary functions of the test session or competition (registration, transportation, event monitoring, hospitality, messengers, copying, etc.). For national and international events, U.S. Figure Skating headquarters staff also provides logistics and event support. The officials are responsible for actually running the test sessions, competitions, and associated individual events. All the officials at test sessions and competitions are unpaid volunteers.[31]
Officials receive their appointments from U.S. Figure Skating after demonstrating a certain level of proficiency, and in some cases, after trialing or taking written examinations. In most cases, officials are appointed at three (3) levels; regional, sectional, and national.[32]
Below is a list of officials at a typical large competition. For the 2012 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, 70 officials were assigned along with over 50 alternate officials.[33] The parenthetical number is how many people were assigned to the respective positions. If there is no number, only one person was assigned.
| Chief Referee | Assistant Referees (3) | ||
| Dance Referee | Assistant Dance Referees | ||
| Chief Accountant | Assistant Accountants (3) | ||
| Chief Technical Accountant | Assistant Technical Accountants (2) | ||
| Chief Ice Technician | Assistant Ice Technicians (3) | ||
| Chief Music Coordinator | Assistant Music Coordinators (4) | Music Technician | |
| Chief Announcer | Assistant Announcers (3) | ||
| Technical Controllers (6) | Technical Specialists (8) | Data Operators | Video Replay Operators |
| Judges - Singles/Pairs (18) | Judges - Dance (9) |
Organization
[editar]U.S. Figure Skating's members, clubs, and qualifying competitions are divided into three (3) geographical sections, that are further divided into nine (9) regions.[34]
Eastern Section
[editar]| New England Region |
North Atlantic Region |
South Atlantic Region |
|---|---|---|
| Connecticut | New Jersey | Delaware |
| Maine | New York | District of Columbia |
| Massachusetts | Pennsylvania1 | Florida |
| New Hampshire | Georgia | |
| Rhode Island | Maryland | |
| Vermont | North Carolina | |
| Pennsylvania2 | ||
| South Carolina | ||
| Virginia | ||
| West Virginia | ||
| Chattanooga, Tennessee |
1Erie, PA
2excluding Erie, PA
Midwestern Section
[editar]| Eastern Great Lakes Region |
Upper Great Lakes Region |
Southwestern Region |
|---|---|---|
| Alabama | Illinois | Arkansas |
| Indiana | Iowa | Colorado1 |
| Kentucky | Michigan2 | Kansas |
| Michigan3 | Minnesota | Louisiana |
| Mississippi | Missouri4 | Nebraska |
| Ohio | North Dakota | New Mexico |
| Tennessee5 | South Dakota | Missouri6 |
| Wisconsin | Oklahoma | |
| Texas |
1excluded for Synchronized only
2Upper Peninsula
3Lower Peninsula
4excluding Kansas City and St. Joseph's
5excluding Chattanooga
6Kansas City and St. Joseph's
Pacific Coast Section
[editar]| Northwest Pacific Region |
Central Pacific Region |
Southwest Pacific Region |
|---|---|---|
| Alaska | California1 | Arizona |
| Idaho | Colorado2 | California3 |
| Montana | Hawaii | Nevada4 |
| Oregon | Nevada5 | |
| Washington | Utah | |
| Wyoming |
1all cities north of and including Visalia
2for Synchronized only
3all cities south of Visalia
4Las Vegas
5excluding Las Vegas
Types of membership
[editar]U.S. Figure Skating has nine (9) types of membership:[19]
- Clubs which foster figure skating, known as “member clubs”;
- Individual persons registered with U.S. Figure Skating who are members of a member club or a collegiate club;
- Individual persons who are not home club members of any member club, known as “individual members”;
- Honorary members;
- Collegiate club and school-affiliated members;
- Basic Skills members;
- Supportive members;
- Theatre On Ice/Team, and
- Introductory Members
U.S. Figure Skating programs
[editar]U.S. Figure Skating offers many programs to accommodate a wide range of skill and interest levels.[35]
- Adult skating
- Basic Skills
- Collegiate
- National Showcase
- National Skating Month
- High School Programs
- Solo Dance Competition Series
- Special Olympics / Therapeutic Skating
- Synchronized skating
- Test Track
- Theatre on Ice
- 6.0
Testing
[editar]Testing allows figure skaters to demonstrate that they have achieved a certain level of skating proficiency. Tests progress in increasing difficulty and focus on power, strength, speed, quickness, flow, extension, and edge quality and control.[36] Tests are conducted under the auspices of member clubs and administered during test sessions. Usually, three (3) test judges (the judge panel),[37] of appropriate level, determine the outcome of the tests on a pass / retry basis. Tests up to a certain level may be judged by a single, sufficiently qualified, judge.[37] Some higher level dance tests require judges certified in dance judging to attend. The member club is responsible for reporting the results to U.S. Figure Skating.[38] U.S. Figure appoints test judges at various levels (bronze, silver, and gold) based on trial judging and their judging experience. According to their level, test judges are qualified to determine the outcome of increasingly difficult tests. Test judges are invited by the member club to participate at a given test session. Skaters’ testing levels passed determines at what level they may compete. For qualifying competitions, skaters must pass the free skate test at the level for which they intend to compete. U.S. Figure Skating still offers tests in compulsory figures, however, this discipline was last competed at a national championship competition in 1999.[39]
Singles and adult skaters must show they are proficient at a given level by passing two (2) tests at each level, moves in the field ("MIF") and free skate ("FS"). Additional test are conducted in the pairs skating, free dance and pattern dance discipline. Each member of a synchronized skating team must pass the appropriate test of single’s competitor.
Tests must be completed in the order of increasing difficulty. They may not be taken out of turn.[40] However, a singles skater may take as many moves-in-the-field tests before taking any free skate tests.[41] Once a free skate test is passed, a competitor may only compete at that level at qualifying competitions. There are four (4) test levels specific to adult figure skating.[42] Adult skater must be twenty-one (21) years of age or older.[43]
Standard track levels
[editar]| Moves in the field | Free skate | Pairs | MIF, FS, Pairs Panel1 |
Free dance | Free dance Panel2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-Preliminary | Pre-Preliminary | Bronze3 | |||
| Preliminary | Preliminary | Bronze4 | |||
| Pre-Juvenile | Pre-Juvenile | Pre-Juvenile | Bronze | ||
| Juvenile | Juvenile | Juvenile | Bronze | Juvenile | Bronze5 |
| Intermediate | Intermediate | Intermediate | Silver | Intermediate | Bronze5 |
| Novice | Novice | Novice | Silver | Novice | Bronze |
| Junior | Junior | Junior | Gold | Junior | Silver |
| Senior | Senior | Senior | Gold | Senior | Gold |
1The test panel consists of three test judges of these levels or higher, appointed in single/pairs or dance for MIF or in single/pairs for FS.
2The test panel consists of three dance test judges of these levels or higher.
3A single bronze or higher test judge, appointed in single/pairs or dance for MIF or in single/pairs for FS, may also judge this level.
4A single silver or higher test judge, appointed in single/pairs or dance for MIF or in single/pairs for FS, may also judge this level.
5A single silver or higher dance test judge may also judge this level.
Adult track levels
[editar]| Moves in the field | Free skate | Pairs | MIF, FS, Pairs Panel1 |
Free dance | Free dance Panel2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adult Pre-Bronze | Adult Pre-Bronze | Bronze3 | Adult Pre-Bronze | Bronze4 | |
| Adult Bronze | Adult Bronze | Adult Bronze | Bronze5 | Adult Bronze | Bronze4 |
| Adult Silver | Adult Silver | Adult Silver | Bronze | Adult Silver | Bronze |
| Adult Gold | Adult Gold | Adult Gold | Silver | Adult Gold | Silver |
1The test panel consists of three test judges of these levels or higher, appointed in single/pairs or dance for MIF or in single/pairs for FS.
2The test panel consists of three dance test judges of these levels or higher.
3A single bronze or higher test judge, appointed in single/pairs or dance for MIF or in single/pairs for FS, may also judge this level.
4A single silver or higher dance test judge may also judge this level.
5A single silver or higher test judge, appointed in single/pairs or dance for MIF or in single/pairs for FS, may also judge this level.
Pattern dance
[editar]The Compulsory dance was renamed pattern dance.[PatDncFN 1][PatDncFN 2]
Each level of pattern dance, with the exception of international, consists of three or four individual dances. Preliminary skaters must pass the Dutch Waltz, Canasta Tango, and Rhythm Blues,[44] while gold-level skaters must pass the Viennese Waltz, Westminster Waltz, Quickstep, and Argentine Tango.[45] There are currently ten dances at the international level.[46]
| Level | Panel ex. Solo1 |
Panel Solo2 |
|---|---|---|
| Preliminary, Solo Preliminary | Bronze3 | Bronze |
| Pre-Bronze, (Standard, Adult, Masters and Solo) | Bronze4 | Bronze |
| Bronze (Standard, Adult, Masters and Solo) | Bronze | Bronze |
| Pre-Silver (Standard, Adult, Masters and Solo) | Bronze | Bronze |
| Silver (Standard, Adult, Masters and Solo) | Silver | Silver |
| Pre-Gold (Standard, Adult, Masters and Solo) | Silver | Silver |
| Gold (Standard, Adult, Masters and Solo) | Gold | Gold |
| International (Standard, Adult and Masters) | Gold |
1The test panel consists of three dance test judges of these levels or higher.
2The test panel consists of one or three dance test judges of these levels or higher.
3A single bronze or higher dance test judge may also judge this level.
4A single silver or higher dance test judge may also judge this level.
Synchronized skating
[editar]
Synchronized skating teams are not required to pass any tests as a whole. Each individual team member must have passed the appropriate moves-in-the-field test.[47]
| Team | Individual |
|---|---|
| Senior | Novice |
| Junior | Intermediate |
| Novice | Juvenile |
| Intermediate | Pre-Juvenile |
| Juvenile | Preliminary |
| Preliminary | (none) |
| Collegiate | Juvenile |
| Adult | Adult Bronze1 |
| Masters | (none) |
| Pre-Juvenile | (none) |
| Open Juvenile | Pre-Preliminary |
| Open Adult | (none) |
| Open Collegiate | (none) |
1Preliminary moves in the field, dance, or figure is also acceptable.
Qualifying and international competitions
[editar]
Every year, U.S. Figure Skating sanctions numerous non-qualifying competitions, shows, and carnivals.[48] In addition, it annually sanctions qualifying regional and sectional competitions,[49] in various disciplines, that lead up to championship competitions. The Association also selects those athletes and officials that represent the United States at international competitions.
Competencias Regionales
[editar]Las siguiente competencias regionales son llevadas a cabo individualmente: [50]
| Singles |
|---|
| New England Regional Figure Skating Championships |
| North Atlantic Regional Figure Skating Championships |
| South Atlantic Regional Figure Skating Championships |
| Eastern Great Lakes Regional Figure Skating Championships |
| Upper Great Lakes Regional Figure Skating Championships |
| Southwestern Regional Figure Skating Championships |
| Northwest Pacific Regional Figure Skating Championships |
| Central Pacific Regional Figure Skating Championships |
| Southwest Pacific Regional Figure Skating Championships |
Sectional competitions
[editar]The following sectional competitions are held in singles, pairs, ice dance, adult, and synchronized skating:[50][51][52]
| Singles, Pairs, Ice Dance | Adult | Synchronized |
|---|---|---|
| Eastern Sectional Figure Skating Championships |
Eastern Adult Sectional Figure Skating Championships |
Eastern Synchronized Skating Sectional Championships |
| Midwestern Sectional Figure Skating Championships |
Midwestern Adult Sectional Figure Skating Championships |
Midwestern Synchronized Skating Sectional Championships |
| Pacific Coast Sectional Figure Skating Championships |
Pacific Coast Adult Sectional Figure Skating Championships |
Pacific Coast Synchronized Skating Sectional Championships |
Championship competitions
[editar]The following championship competitions are held in singles, pairs, ice dance, synchronized, adult, and collegiate skating:[53]
| U.S. Figure Skating Championships* |
U.S. Synchronized Skating Championships |
U.S. Adult Figure Skating Championships |
U.S. Collegiate Figure Skating Championships |
U.S. Intercollegiate Figure Skating Championships |
* Effective September 1, 2012, the U.S. Junior Championships (for Juvenile and Intermediate level competitors) was eliminated and those level are held in conjunction with the U.S. Championships.[54]
Competencias Internacionales
[editar]U.S. Figure Skating selects the athletes and officials that represent the United States at international figure skating competitions (Team USA). These competitions include the ISU Junior Grand Prix, Four Continents Figure Skating Championships, the ISU Grand Prix, the World Synchronized Skating Championships, the World Figure Skating Championships, and the Olympic Games.[55] Although the participants for Worlds and the Olympics are most often the top placers at US Nationals, there have been several times when other skaters have been selected due to injuries preventing them from competing at Nationals; Nancy Kerrigan being selected for the 1994 Olympics over 2nd-place finisher Michelle Kwan is one example. Most recently 2014 4th-place finisher Ashley Wagner was selected over 3rd place Mirai Nagasu ostensibly because of Wagner's more consistent international record; however because of Wagner's many endorsement contracts her selection has raised concerns about the fairness of the process (since U.S. Championships are not used as a straightforward Olympic trials).[56][57]
Patrocinadores
[editar]U.S. Figure Skating has a number of sponsors, suppliers, and licensees that provide support to the association either financially or by supplying other goods and services. U.S. Figure Skating also makes available its logo and sanctioned content, primarily competitions, to various licensees.[58]
| Sponsors | Suppliers | Licensees |
|---|---|---|
| Hilton Worldwide[59] | United Airlines | icenetwork.com |
| The J.M. Smucker Co. | Main Event | NBC Sports |
| Prudential | EVC | US Bank |
| Alka-Seltzer Plus | Ex3 | |
| AT&T[60] | ||
| Puffs[61] |
Medios
[editar]Skating magazine is the official publication of U.S. Figure Skating. Established in 1923, 11 issues are published annually.[62]
The association also houses the World Figure Skating Museum and Hall of Fame in its headquarters building in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
U.S. Figure Skating maintains two Internet domains, usfsa.org, established in 1997[63] and usfigureskating.org, established in 2003.[64]
In 2005, U.S. Figure Skating partnered with MLB Advanced Media to set up Ice Network, LLC. Ice Network, LLC is a wholly owned by U.S. Figure Skating.[65] Subscribers to icenetwork.com have access to a wide variety of live and on-demand figure skating competitions, as well as results, photographs, athletes' biographies, and other on-line, multimedia material.
U.S. Figure Skating also has Facebook, Twitter, and Myspace accounts as well and a YouTube channel and Flickr website.
The association has an RSS feed and can push alerts and content via text messaging.
Memorial Fund
[editar]Formación y propósito
[editar]On February 15, 1961, the entire United States figure skating team was killed when Sabena Flight 548 crashed en route from New York City to Brussels, Belgium.[66] The team was going to participate in the 1961 World Figure Skating Championships in Prague, Czechoslovakia. Among the team members that perished were 18 athletes, seven coaches and managers, three judges and referees, and six team family members.[67] Within one week of the tragedy, the association announced the formation of a memorial fund in honor of the lost team members.[68]
"The mission of the Memorial Fund is to provide qualified U.S. Figure Skating members in need of financial aid with monetary assistance to pursue their goals both inside and outside the competitive arena. The fund is committed to awarding skating and academic scholarships to those athletes who have demonstrated excellent competitive results and/or academic achievements, and who have potential in national and international competitions."[69]
RISE
[editar]In 2009, U.S. Figure Skating commissioned the production of a full-length feature documentary film commemorating the 50th anniversary of the loss of the 1961 U.S. World Figure Skating Championship team and exalting figure skating in the U.S.[70] The movie, RISE, was produced and directed by the Emmy-award winning company, Lookalike Productions of Englewood, NJ.[71] The film was released on February 17, 2011, for a one-night presentation through NCM Fathom.[72] It was shown again for an encore presentation on March 7, 2011.[73] Proceeds of the movie were used to further the mission of the Memorial Fund.[70]
Notas
[editar]- ↑ In June 2010, the ISU replaced the name "compulsory dance" with "pattern dance". p.2, Section I.1.1.b), "ISU Communication 1621", International Skating Union, (accessed July 19, 2011).
- ↑ U.S. Figure Skating also adopted the name "pattern dance" in 2011. p.32, "2011–12 Tests Book", U.S. Figure Skating, (accessed July 19, 2011).
Referencias
[editar]- ↑ a b "U.S. Figure Skating Mission Statement" U.S. Figure Skating. (accessed June 21, 2011).
- ↑ "U.S. Figure Skating at a Glance" U.S. Figure Skating. (accessed June 21, 2011).
- ↑ "U.S. Figure Skating 2010–11 Style Guide" U.S. Figure Skating. (accessed June 21, 2011).
- ↑ "Member Federations", International Stating Union, (accessed May 1, 2015).
- ↑ "beaverdam", Beaver Dam Winter Sports Club. (accessed June 29, 2011).
- ↑ "Our History", The Skating Club of Boston. (accessed June 25, 2011).
- ↑ "The Tradition Continues", Chicago Figure Skating Club. (accessed June 27, 2011).
- ↑ "The Skating Club of New York", The Skating Club of New York. (accessed June 25, 2011).
- ↑ "PHCHS History", PSC&HS. (accessed February 12, 2013).
- ↑ p. 311, MacKenzie, Mary (2007) "The Plains of Abraham". Utica, NY: Nicholas K. Burn Publishing. (accessed June 27, 2011).
- ↑ "About FSC Minneapolis", Figure Skating Club of Minneapolis. (accessed June 27, 2011).
- ↑ "THE UNITED STATES OLYMPIC COMMITTEE HISTORY", teamusa.org, (accessed August 18, 2011).
- ↑ Wright, Benjamin T. (1996). Skating in America. Colorado Springs, Colorado: United States Figure Skating Association. p. 50.
- ↑ Wright, Benjamin T. (1996). Skating in America. Colorado Springs, Colorado: United States Figure Skating Association. pp. 156, 176.
- ↑ "Trademark Electronic Search System", United States Patent and Trademark Office. (accessed July 21, 2011).
- ↑ "Trademark Electronic Search System", United States Patent and Trademark Office. (accessed July 21, 2011).(accessed July 21, 2011).
- ↑ "U.S. Figure Skating Gets a New Look", U.S. Figure Skating, (accessed July 29, 2011).
- ↑ "Bylaws", U.S. Figure Skating, (accessed August 26, 2011).
- ↑ a b "THE 2011 OFFICIAL U.S. FIGURE SKATING RULEBOOK" U.S. Figure Skating. (accessed June 22, 2011).
- ↑ "Bylaws of the United States Figure Skating Association (As amended to May 5, 2007)", US Figure Skating. (accessed June 25, 2011).
- ↑ "ISI or USFSA?", Tri-CIties Figure Skating Club. (accessed January 21, 2010).
- ↑ a b "Membership Grows", U.S. Figure Skating. (accessed July 18, 2011).
- ↑ "GC Bylaws", U.S. Figure Skating, (accessed August 25, 2011).
- ↑ "Board of Directors", U.S. Figure Skating. (accessed July 9, 2011).
- ↑ "President", U.S. Figure Skating. (accessed December 12, 2014).
- ↑ "Permanent Committees", U.S. Figure Skating, (accessed August 5, 2011).
- ↑ "Executive Director", U.S. Figure Skating. (accessed July 1, 2011).
- ↑ "Headquarters Staff", U.S. Figure Skating, (accessed July 21, 2011).
- ↑ "Nonprofit Organization Lookup", Melissa Data, (accessed August 6, 2011).
- ↑ "Consolidated Financial Statements", U.S. Figure Skating. (accessed March 13, 2012).
- ↑ "So You Want to Be a Figure Skating Judge?", U.S. Figure Skating (accessed August 25, 2011).
- ↑ "Appointment Process", THE 2013 OFFICIAL U.S. FIGURE SKATING RULEBOOK, U.S. Figure Skating, (accessed July 30, 2012)
- ↑ "Officials Selections", US Figure Skating. (accessed July 18, 2011).
- ↑ "Regional Map", U.S. Figure Skating. (accessed June 28, 2011).
- ↑ "Programs", U.S. Figure Skating. (accessed June 22, 2011).
- ↑ "TR 22.08, p. 10", 2011–12 TESTS BOOK, U.S. Figure Skating (accessed August 26, 2011).
- ↑ a b "TR 7.02, p. 4", 2011–12 TESTS BOOK, U.S. Figure Skating (accessed August 26, 2011).
- ↑ "TR 8.03, p. 6", 2011–12 TESTS BOOK, U.S. Figure Skating (accessed August 26, 2011).
- ↑ "1999 U.S. Figure Skating Championships - Figure Events", Ice Skating International: Online, (accessed July 27, 2011).
- ↑ "Moves in the Field Tests, TR19.01, p. 6", 2011–12 TESTS BOOK, U.S. Figure Skating (accessed August 25, 2011).
- ↑ "Moves in the Field Tests, TR21.01, 2011–12 TESTS BOOK, U.S. Figure Skating (accessed August 25, 2011).
- ↑ "TR19.02, p. 6", 2011–12 TESTS BOOK, U.S. Figure Skating (accessed August 26, 2011).
- ↑ "TR2.01 A., p. 2", 2011–12 TESTS BOOK, U.S. Figure Skating (accessed August 26, 2011).
- ↑ "Preliminary Pattern Dance Test, TR49.01, 2011–12 TESTS BOOK, U.S. Figure Skating (accessed August 25, 2011).
- ↑ "Gold Pattern Dance Test, TR49.07, 2011–12 TESTS BOOK, U.S. Figure Skating (accessed August 25, 2011).
- ↑ "International Pattern Dance Test, TR49.08, 2011–12 TESTS BOOK, U.S. Figure Skating (accessed August 25, 2011).
- ↑ "Technical Requirements, Sections 7200-7520", THE 2013 OFFICIAL U.S. FIGURE SKATING RULEBOOK, U.S. Figure Skating, (accessed July 30, 2012)
- ↑ "p. 94, SR 1.02 Sanctions", THE 2013 OFFICIAL U.S. FIGURE SKATING RULEBOOK, U.S. Figure Skating (accessed July 30, 2012).
- ↑ "p. 144, 2000 Qualifying Competitions - Sanctions", THE 2013 OFFICIAL U.S. FIGURE SKATING RULEBOOK, U.S. Figure Skating (accessed July 30, 2012).
- ↑ a b "U.S. Figure Skating Qualifying Structure", U.S. Figure Skating (accessed August 25, 2011).
- ↑ "Adult Skating", U.S. Figure Skating (accessed August 25, 2011).
- ↑ "Synchronized Skating", U.S. Figure Skating (accessed August 25, 2011).
- ↑ "U.S. Figure Skating Championships", U.S. Figure Skating (Accessed August 25, 2011).
- ↑ "84.2.", U.S. Figure Skating. (accessed June 24, 2011).
- ↑ "Team USA" US Figure Skating. (accessed July 19, 2011).
- ↑ http://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/2014/01/13/ashley-wagner-mirai-nagasu-off-olympic-figure-skating-team-here-why/0juHqvjYXdlM28Ozef8U0O/story.html
- ↑ http://www.thewire.com/culture/2014/01/real-winner-isnt-ashley-wagner-its-her-sponsors/357009/
- ↑ "U.S. Figure Skating Sponsors", U.S. Figure Skating. (accessed October 1, 2012).
- ↑ "Team USA Advantage", Hilton Hotels & Resorts, (accessed August 17, 2011).
- ↑ "Figure Skating", AT&T U-verse Online, (accessed August 17, 2011).
- ↑ "U.S. Figure Skating announces partnership with Puffs", icenetwork.com, (accessed February 27, 2013).
- ↑ "Skating Magazine", U.S. Figure Skating, (accessed August 25, 2011).
- ↑ "Registry Data", Network Solutions, (accessed August 17, 2011).
- ↑ "Registry Data", Network Solutions, (accessed August 17, 2011).
- ↑ "Overview", icenetwork.com, (accessed 14 April 2014).
- ↑ «18 U.S. SKATERS AMONG 73 DEAD IN A JET CRASH», The New York Times, 16 February 1961.
- ↑ "1961 Sabena Flight 548", Go Figure skating, (accessed July 4, 2011)
- ↑ «Memorial Fund for Skaters», The New York Times, 23 February 1961.
- ↑ "The Memorial Fund", U.S. Figure Skating, (accessed July 4, 2011)
- ↑ a b "RISE", U.S. Figure Skating, (accessed August 24, 2011)
- ↑ "Documentaries", Lookalike Productions, (accessed July 4, 2011)
- ↑ "RISE", Fathom Events, (accessed August 24, 2011)
- ↑ "RISE Encore", Fathom Events, (accessed August 24, 2011)
Más lectura
[editar]- Wright, Benjamin T. (1996). Skating In America (1921–1996) The 75th Anniversary History of the United States Figure Skating Association. Colorado Spring, Colorado: The United States Figure Skating Association.
- Swift, E.M. (February 21, 2011). «'The Day The Music Stopped': Fifty years ago, a fiery plane crash destroyed an entire generation of U.S. figure skaters and some of the sport's most celebrated coaches, including a grande dame whose influence is still felt today». Sports Illustrated. Time Inc. Consultado el 21 de febrero de 2011.