Usuario:-dam-/CoronacionIsabel

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A ticket for the stands erected alongside the coronation procession route through Piccadilly Circus

La coronación de Isabel II como monarca del Reino Unido, Canadá, Australia, Nueva Zelanda, Sudáfrica, Sri Lanka y Pakistán tomó lugar el 2 de Junio de 1953, Isabel II ascendió al trono de estos países el 6 de Febrero de 1952 a los 25 años de edad después de la muerte de su padre el Rey Jorge VI dónde ella fue proclamada reina como lo indica la ley así como también poco tiempo después por la aceptación de todos los primeros ministros. La coronación se retrasó un año por tradición de que el festival no se vuelva inapropiado durante el periodo de duelo que siguió a la muerte del monarca anterior. en la ceremonia misma, Isabel hizo un juramento de defender las leyes de sus países y gobernar la iglesia de Inglaterra. Hubo celebraciones y una medalla conmemorativa que se emitió a través de los Reinos de la Mancomunidad de Naciones.

Preparación[editar]

La preparación de la ceremonia que duró solo un día llevo 16 meses de preparación, con la primera reunión en la que tuvo lugar la Comisión de la coronación en abril de 1952, bajo la presidencia del esposo de la Reina, Felipe duque de Edimburgo (más tarde el príncipe Felipe ).otros comités, como el Comité Mixto de la coronación y la Comisión de la coronación, se establecieron y fueron más de carácter internacional , altos comisionados de los Reinos de la Mancomunidad de Naciones eran miembros de estos grupos , lo que refleja el carácter nacional e internacional que tenía la coronación. No obstante, aunque los organizadores británicos querían que fuera de modo distinto, ningún funcionario de otro reino de las Mancomunidad de Naciones distintos del Reino Unido participarán en el evento en sí, y los gobiernos de esos países consideran que la ceremonia sea un rito religioso único en el Reino Unido, y como el primer ministro canadiense Louis St. Laurent dijo en ese momento : "en mi opinión, la coronación es la entronización oficial del soberano como Soberano del Reino Unido .. estamos felices de asistir y presenciar la coronación de la Soberana del Reino Unido, pero no somos participantes directos en el evento".

La Comisión de la Coronación anunció en Junio de 1952 que la coronación tomaría lugar un año después en el día 2 de Junio de 1953. La abuela de Isabel II la Reina María falleció el 24 de Marzo de 1953 declarando en su testamento que su muerte no debe afectar a la planificación de la coronación, y el evento siguió adelante como estaba previsto.

Sir Norman Hartnell fue encargado por la reina para diseñar los trajes para todos los miembros de la Familia Real y especialmente el vestido que Isabel II usaría en la coronación, el diseño de Hartnell para este último se desarrolló a través de nueve propuestas, la propuesta final fue por una investigación personal de él, así como numerosas reuniones personales con la Reina. Lo que resultó fue un vestido de seda blanca bordada con los emblemas florales de los países de la Comunidad en el momento: la rosa Tudor de Inglaterra, los escoceses cardo, el puerro galés, trébol irlandés para Irlanda del Norte, la acacia de Australia, la hoja de arce de Canadá, el helecho de Nueva Zelanda, protea de Sudáfrica, dos flores de loto de la India y de Pakistán el trigo, algodón y yute; desconocido para la Reina en el momento de la entrega del vestido, sin embargo el trébol de cuatro hojas bordado en el lado izquierdo del vestido fue el único del donde la mano de Isabel II tocaría durante toda la ceremonia.

Isabel II, por su parte, ensayaba para el próximo día con sus damas de honor, una hoja se utiliza en lugar del tren de terciopelo y un arreglo de sillas que se colocan en el carro. Para que pudiera acostumbrarse a su tacto y el peso, la reina también llevaba la Corona del Estado Imperial, mientras ella se dedicaba a sus actividades diarias, lo deportivo en su escritorio, en el té, y al leer el diario. Isabel II participó en dos ensayos completos en la Abadía de Westminster, el 22 y 29 de mayo, aunque otras fuentes aseguran que la Reina asistió a varios ensayos. Normalmente, la duquesa de Norfolk hizo las veces de la Reina en los ensayos donde ella no estaba presente.

El evento[editar]

La ceremonia de coronación de Isabel II siguió un patrón similar al de las coronaciones de los reyes y las reinas antes que ella, que se celebra en la Abadía de Westminster, y la participación de la nobleza y el clero. Sin embargo, para la nueva reina , varias partes de la ceremonia fueron marcadamente diferentes . La coronación de la Reina fue el primero en ser televisado (aunque el Servicio de Televisión de la BBC había cubierto parte de la procesión de la Abadía de Westminster después de la coronación de su padre en 1937 ) , y fue también el primer gran evento internacional del mundo que se emitirá en la televisión. Había habido un debate considerable dentro del gabinete británico sobre el tema, con el primer ministro Winston Churchill contra de la idea , pero, Elizabeth negó el consejo de su primer ministro británico sobre esta cuestión e insistió el evento tiene lugar ante las cámaras de televisión , así como los que filmar con la tecnología 3D experimental el evento también fue filmada en color, separado de blanco y negro emisión de televisión de la BBC. Millones de toda Gran Bretaña vieron la coronación en vivo , mientras que para asegurar que los canadienses podían ver en el mismo día, la RAF voló Canberras cón la película de la ceremonia a través del Océano Atlántico, que se emitirá por la Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, los primeros vuelos directos entre la Reino Unido y el continente canadiense. En Goose Bay , Labrador , la película fue transferido a un avión de combate de la Fuerza Aérea Real de Canadá CF- 100 para el futuro viaje a Montreal. En total, se hicieron tres de esas travesías como la coronación procedió .

Procesión[editar]

La ruta a lo largo estaba llena de marineros, soldados, aviadores y mujeres de todo el Commonwealth, los huéspedes y funcionarios pasaron en procesión antes de aproximadamente tres millones de espectadores se reunieron en las calles de Londres , algunos habiendo acamparon durante la noche en su lugar para asegurar una vista del monarca y otros que tienen acceso a gradas construidas especialmente y andamios a lo largo de la ruta. para los que no están presentes para presenciar el evento , más de 200 micrófonos estaban estacionados a lo largo de la ruta y en la Abadía de Westminster, con 750 comentaristas de radiodifusión en las descripciones 39 idiomas; La cobertura fue seguida por mas de veinte millones de espectadores en todo el mundo.

La procesión incluía a la realeza y jefes de estado montando a la Abadía de Westminster en varios carros, tantos que se requiere que los voluntarios que van desde hombres de negocios ricos a los propietarios de tierras rurales para llenar las filas insuficientes de lacayos regulares extranjera. La primera carroza real abandonó el Palacio de Buckingham y avanzó por el centro comercial , que estaba llena de saludar a la bandera y multitudes entusiastas . Fue seguido por el Estado entrenador irlandés que lleva la reina Elizabeth la reina madre , que llevaba la diadema de la corona que lleva el diamante Koh- i- Noor . La reina Isabel II procedió a través de Londres del palacio de Buckingham , a través de la Plaza de Trafalgar , y hacia la abadía en el Gold State Coach . Se adjunta a los hombros de su vestido , la reina vestía el traje de Estado, un 5,5 metros ( 6 yardas ) de largo, tejidas a mano capa de terciopelo de seda forrada de armiño canadiense que requiere la ayuda de las criadas de la reina de honor -Lady Jane Vane - Tempest -Stewart , Lady Anne Coke , Lady Hamilton Moyra , lady Mary Baillie -Hamilton , Lady Jane Heathcote - Drummond - Willoughby , Lady Romero Spencer- Churchill, y la duquesa de Devonshire- que llevan

La procesión de retorno sigue una ruta que era cinco millas (ocho kilómetros) de longitud , pasando por Whitehall , Trafalgar Square, Pall Mall, Hyde Park Corner , Marble Arch, Oxford Circus, y finalmente por el Mall al Palacio de Buckingham . 10.000 personal de servicio de todo el Commonwealth y el Imperio marcharon en una procesión que estaba a dos millas (3.2 kilómetros) de largo y tardó 45 minutos para pasar un momento dado . A más de 15.800 alinearon la ruta. El desfile fue encabezado por el coronel Burrows del personal de la Oficina de Guerra y cuatro bandas de regimientos . Hay entonces llegaron los contingentes coloniales , entonces las tropas de los reinos de la Commonwealth , seguido por la Real Fuerza Aérea, la Armada Británica , la Royal Navy , y, finalmente, la Brigada de los hogares. Detrás de las tropas que marchaban fue una procesión de carro en primer lugar una gobernantes de los protectorados británicos, entre ellos la reina de Tonga, los primeros ministros de la Commonwealth , los príncipes y princesas de sangre real , y la Reina Madre . Precedido por los jefes de las fuerzas armadas británicas a caballo , el entrenador Estado Dorado fue escoltado por el alabarderos de la Guardia y de la Caballería Real y fue seguida por la reina Aides -de -Camp

Procession[editar]

Along a route lined with sailors, soldiers, and airmen and women from across the Commonwealth,[n 1]​[1]​ guests and officials passed in a procession before approximately three million spectators gathered in the streets of London, some having camped overnight in their spot to ensure a view of the monarch and others having access to specially built stands and scaffolding along the route.[2]​ For those not present to witness the event, more than 200 microphones were stationed along the path and in Westminster Abbey, with 750 commentators broadcasting descriptions in 39 languages;[3]​ more than twenty million viewers around the world watched the coverage.[2]​

The procession included foreign royalty and heads of state riding to Westminster Abbey in various carriages, so many that volunteers ranging from wealthy businessmen to rural landowners were required to fill the insufficient ranks of regular footmen.[2]​ The first royal coach left Buckingham Palace and moved down The Mall, which was filled with flag-waving and cheering crowds. It was followed by the Irish State Coach carrying Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, who wore the circlet of her crown bearing the Koh-i-Noor diamond. Queen Elizabeth II proceeded through London from Buckingham Palace, through Trafalgar Square, and towards the abbey in the Gold State Coach. Attached to the shoulders of her dress, the Queen wore the Robe of State, a 5.5 metre (6 yard) long, hand woven silk velvet cloak lined with Canadian ermine that required the assistance of the Queen's maids of honour—Lady Jane Vane-Tempest-Stewart, Lady Anne Coke, Lady Moyra Hamilton, Lady Mary Baillie-Hamilton, Lady Jane Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, Lady Rosemary Spencer-Churchill, and the Duchess of Devonshire[4]​—to carry.[5]​

The return procession followed a route that was five miles (eight kilometres) in length, passing through Whitehall, Trafalgar Square, Pall Mall, Hyde Park Corner, Marble Arch, Oxford Circus, and finally down The Mall to Buckingham Palace. 10,000 service personnel from across the Commonwealth and Empire marched in a procession that was two miles (3.2 kilometres) long and took 45 minutes to pass any given point. A further 15,800 lined the route.[6]​ The parade was led by Colonel Burrows of the War Office staff and four regimental bands. There then came the colonial contingents, then troops from the Commonwealth realms, followed by the Royal Air Force, the British Army, the Royal Navy, and finally the Household Brigade.[7]​ Behind the marching troops was a carriage procession consisting firstly of the rulers of the British protectorates, including the Queen of Tonga, the Commonwealth prime ministers, the princes and princesses of the blood royal, and the Queen Mother. Preceded by the heads of the British Armed Forces on horseback, the Gold State Coach was escorted by the Yeomen of the Guard and the Household Cavalry and was followed by the Queen's Aides-de-Camp.[8]​

Guests[editar]

The stools used at the coronation.

After being closed since the Queen's accession for coronation preparations, on Coronation Day, Westminster Abbey was at 6am opened to the approximately 8,000 guests invited from across the Commonwealth of Nations;[n 2]​[2]​[12]​ more prominent individuals, such as members of the Queen's family and foreign royalty, the peers of the United Kingdom, heads of state, Members of Parliament from the Queen's various legislatures,[13]​ and the like, arrived after 8:30 am. Tonga's Queen Tupou III was a guest, and was noted for her cheery demeanour even while riding in an open carriage through London in the rain.[14]​

Guests seated on stools were able to purchase theirs following the ceremony, with the profits going towards the cost of the coronation.[15]​

Ceremony[editar]

Preceding the Queen into Westminster Abbey was St. Edward's Crown, carried into the abbey by the Lord High Steward of England, then the Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope, who was flanked by two other peers, while the Archbishops and Bishops Assistant of the Church of England, in their copes and mitres, waited outside the Great West Door for the arrival of the Queen. When this occurred at approximately 11:00 am,[5]​[16]​ Elizabeth found that the friction between her robes and the carpet caused her difficulty moving forward, and she said to the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, "get me started!"[16]​ Once going, the procession, which included the various High Commissioners of the Commonwealth carrying banners bearing the shields of the coats of arms of their respective nations,[17]​ moved inside the abbey, up the central aisle and through the choir to the stage, as the choirs sang "I was glad", an imperial setting of Psalm 122, vv. 1–3, 6, and 7 by Sir Hubert Parry.[18]​ As Elizabeth prayed at and then sat herself on the Chair of Estate to the south of the altar, the Bishops carried in the religious paraphernalia—the bible, paten, and chalice—and the peers holding the coronation regalia handed it over to the Archbishop of Canterbury, who, in turn, passed them to the Dean of Westminster, Alan Campbell Don, to be placed on the altar.[19]​

The Coronation Regalia used in the coronation of King George III and Queen Caroline, some of which was used in the 1953 coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
Queen Elizabeth progresses past the Coronation Chair

After the Queen moved to stand before King Edward's Chair (Coronation Chair), she turned, following as Fisher, along with the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (the Viscount Simonds), Lord Great Chamberlain of England (the Marquess of Cholmondeley), Lord High Constable of England (the Viscount Alanbrooke), and Earl Marshal of the United Kingdom (the Duke of Norfolk), all led by the Garter Principal King of Arms (George Bellew), asked the audience in each direction of the compass separately: "Sirs, I here present unto you Queen Elizabeth, your undoubted Queen: wherefore all you who are come this day to do your homage and service, are you willing to do the same?" The crowd would reply "God save Queen Elizabeth," every time,[20]​ to each of which the Queen would curtsey in return.[17]​

Seated again on the Chair of Estate, Elizabeth then took the Coronation Oath as administered by the Archbishop of Canterbury. In the lengthy oath, the Queen swore to govern each of her countries according to their respective laws and customs, to mete out law and justice with mercy, to uphold Protestantism in the United Kingdom and protect the Church of England and preserve its bishops and clergy. She proceeded to the altar where she stated "The things which I have here promised, I will perform, and keep. So help me God," before kissing the Bible and putting the royal sign-manual to the oath as the Bible was returned to the Dean of Westminster.[21]​ From him the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, James Pitt-Watson, took the Bible and presented it to the Queen again, saying "Our gracious Queen: to keep your Majesty ever mindful of the law and the Gospel of God as the Rule for the whole life and government of Christian Princes, we present you with this Book, the most valuable thing that this world affords. Here is Wisdom; This is the royal Law; These are the lively Oracles of God."; Elizabeth returned the book to Pitt-Watson, who placed it back with the Dean of Westminster.[22]​

The communion service was then conducted, involving prayers by both the clergy and Elizabeth, Fisher asking "O God... Grant unto this thy servant Elizabeth, our Queen, the spirit of wisdom and government, that being devoted unto thee with her whole heart, she may so wisely govern, that in her time thy Church may be in safety, and Christian devotion may continue in peace," before reading various excerpts from the First Epistle of Peter, Psalms, and the Gospel of Matthew.[23]​ Elizabeth was then anointed as the assembly sang "Zadok the Priest"; the Queen's jewellery and crimson cape was removed by the Earl of Ancaster and the Mistress of the Robes,[5]​ the Duchess of Devonshire, and, wearing only a simple, white linen dress also designed by Hartnell to completely cover the coronation gown, she moved to be seated in the Coronation Chair. There, Fisher, assisted by Don, made a cross on the Queen's forehead with holy oil made from the same base as that which had been used in the coronation of her father.[16]​ As this segment of the ceremony was considered absolutely sacrosanct, it was concealed from the view of the television cameras by a silk canopy held above the Queen by four Knights of the Garter. When this part of the coronation was complete, and the canopy removed, Don and the Duchess of Devonshire placed on the monarch the Colobium Sindonis and Supertunica.[24]​

From the altar, the Dean of Westminster passed to the Lord Great Chamberlain the spurs, which were presented to the Queen and then placed back on the altar. The Sword of State was then handed to Elizabeth, who, after a prayer was uttered by Fisher, placed it herself on the altar, and the peer who had been previously holding it took it back again after paying a sum of 100 shillings.[25]​ The Queen was then invested with the Armills (bracelets), Stole Royal, Robe Royal, and the Sovereign's Orb, followed by the Queen's Ring, the Sceptre with the Cross, and the Sceptre with the Dove. With the first two items on and in her right hand and the latter in her left, Queen Elizabeth was crowned by the Archbishop of Canterbury, with the crowd shouting "God save the Queen!" at the exact moment St. Edward's Crown touched the monarch's head. The princes and peers gathered then put on their coronets and a 21-gun salute was fired from the Tower of London.[26]​

With the benediction read, Elizabeth moved to the throne and the Archbishop of Canterbury and all the Bishops offered to her their fealty, after which, while the choir sang, the peers of the United Kingdom—led by the royal peers: the Queen's husband; Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester; and Prince Edward, Duke of Kent—each proceeded, in order of precedence, to pay their personal homage and allegiance to Elizabeth. When the last baron had completed this task, the assembly shouted "God save Queen Elizabeth. Long live Queen Elizabeth. May the Queen live for ever!"[27]​ Having removed all her royal regalia, Elizabeth kneeled and took the communion, including a general confession and absolution, and, along with the audience, recited the Lord's Prayer.[28]​

Now wearing the Imperial State Crown and holding the Sceptre with the Cross and the Orb, and as the gathered guests sang "God Save the Queen", Elizabeth left Westminster Abbey through the nave and apse, out the Great West Door, followed by members of the Royal Family, the clergy, her prime ministers, etc. Then, transported back to Buckingham Palace in the Gold State Coach, with an escort of thousands of military personnel from around the Commonwealth, the Queen appeared on the balcony of the Centre Room before a gathered crowd as a flypast went overhead.

Music[editar]

Although it had been assumed by many that the Master of the Queen's Musick, Arnold Bax, would be the director of music for the coronation, it was decided that it would be better to appoint the organist and master of the choristers at the abbey, William McKie, who had been in charge of music at the royal wedding in 1947. McKie convened an advisory committee with Arnold Bax and Sir Ernest Bullock, who had directed the music for the previous coronation.[29]​

When it came to choosing the music, tradition demanded that Handel's "Zadok the Priest" and Parry's "I was glad" were included amongst the anthems. Other choral works included were the 16th century "Rejoice in the Lord alway" and Samuel Sebastian Wesley's "Thou wilt keep him in perfect peace". Another tradition was that new work be commissioned from the leading composers of the day; Ralph Vaughan Williams composed a new motet "O Taste and See", William Walton composed a setting for the "Te Deum", and the Canadian composer Healy Willan wrote an anthem "O Lord our Governor".[1]​[30]​ Four new orchestral pieces were planned; Arthur Bliss composed "Processional"; William Walton, "Orb and Sceptre"; and Arnold Bax, "Coronation March". Benjamin Britten had agreed to compose a piece, but he caught influenza and then had to deal with flooding at Aldeburgh, so nothing was forthcoming. Edward Elgar's "Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1 in D" was played immediately before Bax's march at the end of the ceremony.[31]​ An innovation, at the suggestion of Vaughan Williams, was the inclusion of a hymn that the congregation were able to participate in. This proved controversial and wasn't included in the programme until the Queen had been consulted and found to be in favour; Vaughan Williams wrote an elaborate arrangement of the traditional Scottish metrical psalm, "Old 100th", which included military trumpet fanfares.[32]​

The choir for the coronation was a combination of the choirs of Westminster Abbey, Saint Paul's Cathedral, the Chapel Royal, and Saint George's Chapel, Windsor. The final complement of choristers comprised 182 trebles, 37 male altos, 62 tenors, and 67 basses. Together with a full orchestra, conducted by Sir Adrian Boult, the total number of musicians was 480.[33]​

Celebrations, monuments, and media[editar]

An Australian stamp issued for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
A plaque marking a tree planted in the United Kingdom to commemorate the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
A stand of trees near Monmouth, Wales, planted in the form of the letters ER to commemorate the coronation of Queen Elizabeth

All across the Queen's realms, the rest of the Commonwealth, and in other parts of the world, coronation celebrations were held. The Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal was also presented to thousands of recipients throughout the Queen's countries and, in Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, and the UK, commemorative coins were issued.[34]​ Three million bronze coronation medallions were ordered by the Canadian government, struck by the Royal Canadian Mint, and distributed to schoolchildren across the country; the obverse showed Elizabeth's effigy and the reverse the royal cypher above the word CANADA, all circumscribed by ELIZABETH II REGINA CORONATA MCMLIII.[35]​

As with the coronation of George VI, acorns shed from oaks in Windsor Great Park, around Windsor Castle, were shipped around the Commonwealth and planted in parks, school grounds, cemeteries, and private gardens to grow into what are known as Royal Oaks or Coronation Oaks.[36]​

In London, the Queen hosted a coronation luncheon, for which the recipeCoronation chicken was devised,[37]​ and a fireworks show was mounted on Victoria Embankment.[2]​ Further, street parties were mounted around the United Kingdom. The Coronation Cup football tournament was held at Hampden Park, Glasgow, in May and,[16]​ two weeks before the coronation, the children's literary magazine Collins Magazine rebranded itself as The Young Elizabethan.[38]​ News that Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay had reached the summit of Mount Everest arrived in Britain on Elizabeth's coronation day; the New Zealand, American and British media dubbed it "a coronation gift for the new Queen".[39]​

In the United States, coronation parties were mounted, one in New York City attended by the Queen's uncle and aunt, the Duke and Duchess of Windsor.

Military tattoos, horse races, parades, and fireworks displays were mounted in Canada. The country's governor general, Vincent Massey, proclaimed the day a national holiday and presided over celebrations on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, where the Queen's coronation speech was broadcast and her personal royal standard flown from the Peace Tower.[40]​[41]​ Later, a public concert was held on Parliament Hill and the Governor General hosted a ball at Rideau Hall.[40]​ In Newfoundland, 90,000 boxes of candy were given to children, some getting theirs delivered by Royal Canadian Air Force drops, and in Quebec, 400,000 people turned out in Montreal, some 100,000 at Jeanne-Mance Park alone. A multicultural show was put on at Exhibition Place in Toronto, square dances and exhibitions took place in the prairie provinces, and, in Vancouver, the Chinese community performed a public lion dance.[42]​ On the Korean Peninsula, Canadian soldiers serving in the Korean War acknowledged the day by firing blue, red, and white coloured smoke shells at the enemy and drank rum rations in observance.

See also[editar]

Notes[editar]

  1. ↑ Including 856 representing the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, and Royal Canadian Air Force.[1]​
  2. ↑ From Canada came the Prime Minister, Louis St. Laurent, and five other members of the federal Cabinet, the Chief Justice, the Speakers of the House of Commons and Senate, the Leaders of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition in the same two houses, and the Leader of the Government in the Senate,[9]​ Lieutenant Governor of Ontario Louis Breithaupt and his premier, Leslie Frost, as well as Premier of Saskatchewan Tommy Douglas, Quebec Cabinet ministers Onésime Gagnon and John Samuel Bourque,[10]​ Mayor of Toronto Allan A. Lamport, and Chief of the Squamish Nation Joe Mathias.[3]​[11]​

References[editar]

  1. ↑ a b c McCreery, Christopher (2012). Commemorative Medals of The Queen's Reign in Canada, 1952-2012. Toronto: Dundurn Press. p. 49. ISBN 9781459707580. 
  2. ↑ a b c d e «On This Day > 2nd June > 1953: Queen Elizabeth takes coronation oath». British Broadcasting Corporation. 2 June 1953. Consultado el 19 December 2009. 
  3. ↑ a b Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. «Society > The Monarchy > Canada's New Queen > Coronation of Queen Elizabeth > Did You Know?». CBC. Consultado el 17 December 2009. 
  4. ↑ Demoskoff, Yvonne. «Yvonne's Royalty Home Page > Queen Elizabeth II's ladies-in-waiting at her coronation, 1953». Yvonne Demoskoff. Consultado el 16 December 2009. 
  5. ↑ a b c Thomas, Pauline Weston. «Coronation Gown of Queen Elizabeth II: The Queen's Robes, Part 2». Fashion-Era. Consultado el 18 December 2009. 
  6. ↑ Arlott, John and others (1953) Elizabeth Crowned Queen, Odhams Press Limited (pp. 15-25)
  7. ↑ «The Ceremonial of the Coronation of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II». Supplement to the London Gazette (pp. 6253-6263). 17 November 1952. Consultado el 24 November 2013. 
  8. ↑ London Gazette pp. 6264-6270
  9. ↑ McCreery, 2012, p. 48
  10. ↑ http://archives.cbc.ca/society/monarchy/topics/70/ (enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial, la primera versión y la última).
  11. ↑ Government of Nova Scotia. «The Diamond Jubilee of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II > Diamond Jubilee Photos». Queen's Printer for Nova Scotia. Consultado el 29 February 2012. 
  12. ↑ a b c d «The Coronation of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II». Historic UK. Consultado el 20 December 2009. 
  13. ↑ a b Bousfield, 2002, p. 78
  14. ↑ «The Form and Order of Service that is to be performed and the Ceremonies that are to be observed in The Coronation of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in the Abbey Church of St. Peter, Westminster, on Tuesday, the second day of June, 1953». I. An Anglican Liturgical Library. Consultado el 15 December 2009. 
  15. ↑ An Anglican Liturgical Library,, II
  16. ↑ An Anglican Liturgical Library,, III
  17. ↑ An Anglican Liturgical Library,, IV
  18. ↑ An Anglican Liturgical Library,, V
  19. ↑ An Anglican Liturgical Library,, VI
  20. ↑ An Anglican Liturgical Library,, VII
  21. ↑ An Anglican Liturgical Library,, VIII
  22. ↑ An Anglican Liturgical Library,, IX-XI
  23. ↑ An Anglican Liturgical Library,, XII-XIV
  24. ↑ An Anglican Liturgical Library,, XV
  25. ↑ Wilkinson, James (2011). The Queen's Coronation: The Inside Story. Scala Publishers Ltd. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-85759-735-6. 
  26. ↑ Wilkinson, 2011, p. 27
  27. ↑ Wilkinson, 2011, p. 28
  28. ↑ Wilkinson, 2011, p. 25
  29. ↑ Wilkinson, 2011, p. 28
  30. ↑ «The Coronation Crown Collection». Coincraft. Consultado el 14 January 2010. 
  31. ↑ McCreery, 2012, p. 51
  32. ↑ Whiting, Marguerite (2008). «Royal Acorns». Trillium (Parkhill: Ontario Horticultural Association). Spring 2008: 13. Consultado el 3 July 2009.  Uso incorrecto de la plantilla enlace roto (enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial, la primera versión y la última).
  33. ↑ «Coronation Chicken recipe». British Broadcasting Corporation. 2 June 2003. Consultado el 19 December 2009. 
  34. ↑ Melman, Billie (2006). The Culture of History: English Uses of the Past 1800–1953. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-19-929688-0. 
  35. ↑ Reuters (2 June 1953), «2 of British Team Conquer Everest», New York Times: 1, consultado el 18 December 2009 .
  36. ↑ a b McCreery, 2012, p. 50
  37. ↑ Government of Nova Scotia. «The Diamond Jubilee of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II > The Queen's Personal Canadian Flag». Queen's Printer for Nova Scotia. Consultado el 29 February 2012. 
  38. ↑ Bousfield, 2002, pp. 83–85

External links[editar]


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