Usuario:Anapillueca/BMW i

De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
Anapillueca/BMW i
Tipo Sub-brand of BMW
Industria Automotive industry
Fundación 2011
Productos Plug-in electric vehicles
Propietario BMW
Empresa matriz BMW

The BMW i is a sub-brand of BMW founded in 2011 to design and manufacture plug-in electric vehicles.[1]​[2]​[3]​ The company's initial plans call for the release of two vehicles; the i3 all-electric car and the i8 plug-in hybrid. Concept versions of both these vehicles were shown at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show.[4]​

Series production of the BMW i3 destined for retail customers began in September 2013,[5]​ and the European market launch took place in November 2013 with the first retail deliveries in Germany.[6]​ The BMW i8 was launched in Germany in June 2014.[7]​ The United States, Germany, the UK and Norway are the main markets for both models.

In February 2016, BMW announced the introduction of the "iPerformance" model designation, which is being given to all BMW plug-in hybrid vehicles from July 2016. The aim is to provide a visible indicator of the transfer of technology from BMW i to the BMW core brand.[8]​ As of July 2016, four BMW electrified models have been released using BMW i technology, the BMW X5 xDrive40e, released in 2015, and the BMW 225xe Active Tourer, BMW 330e iPerformance, and BMW 740e iPerformance, released in 2016.[9]​[10]​

BMW i sales reached the 50,000 unit milestone in January 2016.[11]​ Two years after its introduction, the BMW i3 ranked as the world's all-time third best selling all-electric car.[12]​ As of July 2016, the all-electric i3 is the brand's leading model, and its global sales achieved the 50,000 unit milestone in July 2016.[13]​

Historia[editar]

Projecto i

“Proyecto i” de BMW es un programa creado para desarrollar un auto urbano eléctrico ligeramente ecoamigable, un concepto dirigido a las personas que necesitan de movilidad y sustentabilidad que viven en las grandes ciudades.[1]​[2]​ De acuerdo con BMW, “Proyecto i” tiene tres etapas. La demostración Mini E fue la primera etapa del proyecto, seguida por una prueba de campo similar que empezó en enero 2012 con el vehículo eléctrico de BMW ActiveE. El ActiveE está basado en BMW Coupe Series 1 y está construido en base a las lecciones aprendidas de la prueba Mini E. La última etapa del “Proyecto i” fue el desarrollo de los carros eléctricos i3 e i8. [1]​[14]​[15]​

La fábrica automotriz espera que la primera producción en serie de los autos todo eléctricos ayudará a cumplir el promedio de ahorro de gasolina de la flota total que es de  6.63 L/100 km (35.5 mpg) para el 2016, como lo ordena las regulaciones federales de los Estados Unidos. BMW espera un gran volúmen de ventas del i3 para permitir a la compañía continuar con la venta de sus coches de alto rendimiento de bajo consumo en los Estados Unidos.[14]​

BMW i Park Lane showroom in London.

En Febrero 2011, BMW anunció una nueva rama, BMW i, para lanzar al mercado los vehículos producidos en el “Proyecto i”. Los vehículos BMW i se venden por separado de BMW o Mini. Las primeras dos producciones de los modelos son de batería eléctrica “Vehículo de la Gran Ciudad”, ahora llamado BMW i, y un híbrido enchufable llamado BMW i8, el cual es la versión en producción de la Dinámica de Visión Eficiente, concepto lanzado en el 2009 en el Show de Motor de Frankfurt y tiene un rango eléctrico de 50 kilómetros (31,0685596 mi). La producción de los dos autos enchufables fue agendada para empezar en Leipzig en el 2013.[3]​[16]​

La venta global del i3 fueron más de 25,000 unidades en mayo del 2015.[17]​Las ventas globales combinadas the los modelos BMW i, pasaron de la marca de 30,000 en junio del 2015,[18]​ y de 50,000 unidades en enero de 2016.[11]​ Las ventas globales de BMW i3 llegaron a 50,000 unidades en julio del 2016. [13]​

Tiendas

La primera tienda de BMW i abrió en junio del 2012 en la sala de exposiciones en Park Lane de BMW en Londres. La fábrica estrenó una versión mejorada del concepto del carro eléctrico BMW i3 y dio a conocer su concepto de bicicleta iPedelec.[19]​El 15 de noviembre del 2013, las entregas de los distribuidores para el i3 empezaron con una ceremonia especial en Múnich.[6]​

Uso de eDrive en los modelos de la marca central de BMW

El 1ro de diciembre del 2014, BMW anunció el grupo que planea ofrecer versiones de híbridos enchufables de toda la marca central usando la tecnología eDrive, desarrollada para los vehículos enchufables de BMW i. El objetivo de la compañía es usar la tecnología enchufable para continuar ofreciendo vehículos de alto rendimiento mientras se reducen las emisiones de dióxido de carbono por debajo de 100g/km.[20]​ En febrero del 2016, BMW anunció la introducción de la designación del modelo “iPerfomance”, el cual fue dado a todos los vehículos BMW híbridos enchufables de julio 2016. El objetivo es proveer de un indicador visible de la transferencia de tecnología de BMW i a la marca central de BMW.[8]​

Las ventas de BMW i e iPerfomance designaron que los modelos híbridos enchufables han crecido fuertemente en Europa, responsabilizándose del 4% de los vehículos vendidos por BMW en Europa del Oeste  en junio del 2016. El porcentaje es significativamente mayor en los mercados con altos incentivos y medidas de infraestructura, tales como Países Bajos, con 14.9% de todos los vehículos vendidos por BMW en junio fueron modelos BMW i ó BMW iPerformance, y Escandinavia con un 13.2%. La combinación global de la venta de los modelos de BMW i ó BMW iPerfomance fue de 23,675 unidades durante la primera mitad del 2016. Este es el resultado de el rango de expansión de los modelos eléctricos, los cuales incluyen los modelos híbridos enchufables. La ventas de este tipo de vehículo durante la primera mitad del 2016 fueron un poco menos del 87% más que del mismo periodo del 2015.[21]​

Official fleet of BMW i3s and BMW i8s on duty at the 2016 Paris ePrix, France


Products[editar]

As of Augusto 2016, only two models are offered, the BMW i3 all-electric car with optional range-extender (REx), and the BMW i8 plug-in hybrid. BMW intends a family car above the i3 to have an optional range extender.[22]​ As of May 2016, BMW i is present in 50 countries, with both the i3 and i8 plug-in vehicles.[23]​

BMW i8 (left) and i3 (right) concept cars unveiled at the 2011 Frankfurt International Motor Show.

As of November 2015, the i3 ranked as the world's third best selling all-electric car in history.[12]​ As of December 2015, the United States was the top selling market for both plug-ins, with 17,116 BMW i3s (41.2%) and 2,820 BMW i8s (39.2%).[24]​ As of April 2016, a total of 56,092 units of both i brand vehicles have been sold worldwide since 2013, of which, 17,793 units were sold in 2014, and 29,513 units in 2015.[25]​[26]​[27]​[28]​[29]​

The demand for BMW i and iPerformance vehicles increased significantly during the first half of 2016. In June 2016, 4% of all BMW sales in Western Europe were electrified cars,[30]​ and again in July 2016, the electrified models captured 4% of all BMW sales in the region.[31]​ In the Netherlands, 43% of BMW 3 Series registrations in July 2016 corresponded to the plug-in hybrid BMW 330e iPerformance model, and 26% of BMW 2 Series Active Tourer registrations were for the BMW 225xe. Those figures were higher in Scandinavia, with the plug-in hybrid versions accounting for 45% of all BMW 3 Series sales, and 55% of all BMW 2 Series Active Tourer sales.[31]​

In the United States, sales of plug-in electric models represented 3.5% of BMW total sales in the country between January and June 2016, the highest share of plug-in vehicles sold for any carmaker in the American market except for Tesla Motors.[32]​ In July 2016, the i3 achieved a 7.5% share of all BMW passenger car sales in the American market. Accounting for all BMW plug-ins (i3, i8, X5 xDrive40e and 330e) sold in July 2016 (2,375 units), BMW also achieved a 9.2% share of the brand's total passenger and light trucks sales.[33]​

BMW i3[editar]

Artículo principal: BMW i3

Design and technology[editar]

The BMW i3 is an electric car, BMW's first zero emissions mass-produced vehicle. The i3 is the first volume production vehicle on the market featuring carbon-fiber reinforced plastic.[34]​ This vehicle gets its power from an electric motor powered by lithium-ion batteries. The i3 is built for everyday use, with an all-electric range of 130 to 160 km (81 to 99 mi). BMW is offering a range extender (“REx”) option powered by a 647 cc two-cylinder gasoline engine with a 9 L (2.0 imp gal; 2.4 US gal) fuel tank that engages when the battery level drops to a pre-specified point, acting purely as a generator to produce electricity to extend the range to about 240 to 300 km (150 to 190 mi).[35]​

BMW i3 charging

According to BMW, at the beginning of the i3 release, the use of range-extender was much more than the carmaker expected, more than 60%. Over time it has decreased significantly, with some people almost never using it, and by early 2016 it is being regularly used in fewer than 5% of i3s.[22]​

In May 2016, BMW announced that the 2017 model year (MY) BMW i3 will come with an improved battery pack with 50% more capacity (33 kWh) than the previous model with a corresponding range increase expected to achieve 114 mi (183 km) under the EPA cycle, and 195 mi (314 km)  under the New European Driving Cycle.[23]​[36]​ The Range Extender (REx) variant will also feature the same higher capacity battery as the all-electric model, with a corresponding all-electric range increase.[23]​ Deliveries of the 2017 MY i3 in the U.S. market are scheduled to begin in the third quarter of 2016.[37]​ Both variants with the improve battery will be available in the UK starting in July 2016.[36]​

Production[editar]

BMW invested US$100 million to build a plant in Moses Lake, Washington to manufacture the carbon-fiber reinforced plastic used on the vehicles' body panels.[14]​ The plant is located in an area that has large access to hydroelectric power.[14]​ The carbon fiber is then shipped to Germany, where it first gets fabricated and is then shipped to the automotive production plant in Leipzig.[14]​

BMW i3 badge

Markets and sales[editar]

The first i3 deliveries to retail customers in Europe took place at the official market launch ceremony held in Munich on 15 November 2013.[6]​ The i3 was also launched in the UK in November 2013.[38]​ The release in the American market took place in May 2014.[39]​ As of November 2015, the BMW i3 is available in 49 countries, and with the core phase of the market introduction finished, only some smaller markets are still to follow.[12]​

As of December 2015, the United States ranked as the i3 top selling market with 17,116 units sold,[40]​[41]​ followed by Germany with 5,063 units registered,[42]​[43]​[44]​ Norway with 4,494 units,[45]​[46]​[47]​ and the UK with 3,747 units registered.[48]​[49]​ As of April 2016, global sales totaled 47,438 units, of which, 16,052 units were delivered in 2014, and 24,057 in 2015.[25]​[26]​[27]​[29]​[50]​

Two years after it market launch, the BMW i3 became the top selling electric vehicle in Germany. In Norway the BMW i3 has been the best-selling model across the entire BMW range during 2015.[12]​ The i3 ranked third among all-electric cars sold worldwide in 2014, after the Nissan Leaf and the Tesla Model S.[51]​[52]​ The BMW i3 was again the world's third best selling all-electric car in 2015, and also ranked fifth in 2015 among the world's top selling plug-in electric cars.[53]​ As of November 2015, the i3 ranked as the world's third best selling all-electric car in history.[12]​

BMW i8[editar]

Artículo principal: BMW i8
BMW i8 badge

The BMW i8 plug-in hybrid is the production version of the BMW Vision Efficient Dynamics concept unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show and has an all-electric range of 35 kilómetros (21,7 mi). Production of both plug-in electric cars is scheduled to start in Leipzig in 2013.[3]​ Powering the front wheels will be an electric motor (131 hp), while the rear wheels will make use of a 1.5-litre 3-cylinder gasoline engine (231 hp).[54]​ Zero to 60 mph sprint timings are estimated to be less than 4.5 seconds using both power sources.[4]​ The positioning of the motor and engine over the axles also makes it benefit from a 50/50 weight distribution.[54]​

The production version of the i8 was unveiled at the 2013 Frankfurt Motor Show.[55]​ BMW plans to sell the i8 in about 50 countries, with the U.S. expected to be the largest sales market. In Europe, the UK, Germany and France are expected to be the top markets.[56]​ Retail deliveries began in Germany in June 2014.[7]​ Deliveries to retail customers in the U.S. started in August 2014.[57]​

As of December 2015, global sales totaled 7,197 i8s, of which, 1,741 units were sold in 2014, and 5,456 in 2015.[26]​[27]​ The United States is the leading market with 2,820 units delivered through December 2015,[40]​[41]​ followed by the UK with 823 units registered at the end of June 2015,[48]​ and Germany with 793 units registered through December 2015.[43]​[44]​ In 2015 global sales of the BMW i8 exceeded the combined figure of all other hybrid sports cars produced by other manufacturers.[58]​

Life-Drive[editar]

Both the i3 and i8 will benefit from BMW’s Life-Drive platform which makes use of light-weight materials.[2]​ Both cars will come with an aluminum chassis, and in the case of the i8, the windshield, top, doors and fenders are made from polycarbonate glass, with the body having a drag coefficient of 0.26.[59]​

EPA ratings[editar]

The following are the BMW i3 (both 60 and 94 ampere-hour per hour batteries) and i8 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ratings for all-electric range and fuel economy.

BMW i3 EPA ratings [60]​[61]​[62]​[63]​
Model Year
model		 Fuel/EV range Combined City Highway Notes
BEV
(60 A·h)		 2014/15/16 81 mi (130 km) 124 mpg-e
(27 kW-hrs/100 mi)		 137 mpg-e
(25 kW-hrs/100 mi)		 111 mpg-e
(30 kW-hrs/100 mi)		 Since May 2014 the all-electric BMW i3 60 A·h is the most fuel efficient EPA-certified vehicle of all years regardless of fuel type.[64]​
BEV
(94 A·h)		 2017 114 mi (183 km) 118 mpg-e
(29 kW-hrs/100 mi)		 129 mpg-e 106 mpg-e
REx 2014/15/16 Electricity only

72 mi (116 km)

117 mpg-e
(29 kW-hrs/100 mi)		 97 mpg-e 79 mpg-e The EPA classifies the i3 REx as a series plug-in hybrid or EREV[60]​[62]​[65]​ while CARB as a range-extended battery-electric vehicle (BEVx).[66]​ Since June 2014 the BMW i3 REx is the most fuel efficient EPA-certified vehicle current year vehicle with a gasoline engine.[61]​[64]​
Gasoline only
78 mi (126 km)		 39 mpg 41 mpg 37 mpg
Total: 150 mi (240 km)
BMW i8 EPA ratings [67]​
BMW i8 2014/15/16 Electricity only
15 mi (24 km)		 76 mpg-e
(43 kW-hrs/100 mi)		 - - The i8 does not run on 100% electricity as it consumes 0.1 gallons per 100 mi in EV mode.
Gasoline only 28 mpg 28 mpg 29 mpg

Transferencia de tecnología a BMW[editar]

The BMW X5 xDrive40e is a plug-in hybrid with an all-electric range of 23 km (14 mi) that uses BMW i cars technology.

Lanzado en Europa y Estados Unidos en 2015, la BMW X5 xDrive40e es la primera híbrida enchufable de la marca central de BMW. El uso de la tecnología eDrive de BMW en la plataforma establecida X5, es una tecnología directamente transferida de los autos BMW i, en particular, de la tecnología BMW i8.[9]​

En febrero del 2016, BMW anunció la introducción de la designación del modelo “iPerfomance”, el cual fue dado a todos los vehículos BMW híbridos enchufables de julio 2016. El objetivo es proveer de un indicador visible de la transferencia de tecnología de BMW i a la marca central de BMW. [8]​ El primer carro BMW lanzado al mercado con la designación del modelo “iPerformance” fue el BMW 330e iPerformance, inicialmente llamado 330e. Las entregas en el mercado americano empezaron en el segundo cuarto del 2016.[68]​ La nueva designación fue también usada en las variantes del híbrido enchufable del nuevo BMW Serie 7, el BMW 740e iPerformance.[8]​

The iPerformance models take advantage of technical expertise regarding electric motors, battery cells and electronic control systems. Visible indicators for the vehicles with this designation are a BMW i logo on the front side panel, BMW i-style blue elements in the kidney grille and wheel hubs, and an eDrive logo on the C-pillar. Customers can also make use of the BMW i 360° ELECTRIC range of products and services, including the BMW i Wallbox.[8]​

As of July 2016, four BMW electrified models have been released, the BMW X5 xDrive40e, BMW 225xe Active Tourer, BMW 330e iPerformance, and BMW 740e iPerformance.[10]​

Galería[editar]

Referencias[editar]

  1. ↑ a b c Joe Lorio (May 2010). «Green: Rich Steinberg Interview: Electric Bimmer Man». Automobile Magazine. Consultado el 13 de febrero de 2013. 
  2. ↑ a b c Phil Patton (3 de julio de 2010). «Envisioning a Small Electric BMW for the World’s Very Big Cities». New York Times. Archivado desde el original el 9 de julio de 2010. Consultado el 3 de julio de 2010. 
  3. ↑ a b c «BMW introduces new i sub-brand, first two vehicles i3 and i8; premium mobility services and new venture capital company». Green Car Congress. 21 de febrero de 2011. Consultado el 21 de febrero de 2011. 
  4. ↑ a b Shaun Bailey (13 de septiembre de 2011). «BMW i3 Concept - 2011 Frankfurt Auto Show». Road & Track. Consultado el 2 de octubre de 2011. 
  5. ↑ Sebastian Blanco (18 de septiembre de 2013). «BMW i3 starts production in Germany using local wind power, US carbon fiber». Autoblog Green. Consultado el 19 de septiembre de 2013. 
  6. ↑ a b c Jay Cole (15 de noviembre de 2013). «BMW Delivers First i3 Electric Vehicles In Germany Today». InsideEVs.com. Consultado el 16 de noviembre de 2013. 
  7. ↑ a b Eric Loveday (6 de junio de 2014). «World’s First BMW i8 Owners Take Delivery In Germany». InsideEVs.com. Consultado el 7 de junio de 2014. 
  8. ↑ a b c d e «BMW at the 86th Geneva International Motor Show 2016». Munich: BMW Group PressClub Global. 12 de febrero de 2016. Consultado el 12 de febrero de 2016. 
  9. ↑ a b Tony Borroz (16 de marzo de 2015). «The BMW X5 xDrive40e, a plug-in hybrid SUV from Bavaria». Gizmag.com. Consultado el 12 de febrero de 2016. 
  10. ↑ a b Jose, Pontes (12 de agosto de 2016). «Germany July 2016». EVSales.com. Consultado el 20 de agosto de 2016. 
  11. ↑ a b Cobb, Jeff (15 de febrero de 2016). «BMW Sells its 50,000th i-Series Worldwide in January». HybridCars.com. Consultado el 16 de febrero de 2016. 
  12. ↑ a b c d e «The BMW i3 turns two. Time for an interim review. In Germany the BMW i3 has been the best-selling electric car since it was launched. In the worldwide ranking it stands third.». Munich: BMW Group. 12 de noviembre de 2015. Consultado el 16 de noviembre de 2015. 
  13. ↑ a b Cobb, Jeff (1 de agosto de 2016). «Renault Zoe and BMW i3 Join The 50,000 Sales Club». HybridCars.com. Consultado el 4 de agosto de 2016. 
  14. ↑ a b c d e Tom Murphy (19 de mayo de 2010). «Mini E Only Beginning of BMW EV Strategy». Wards Auto. Consultado el 13 de junio de 2010. 
  15. ↑ «Mini Says Half of Last Year's Mini E Lessees Renewed for Another Year». Edmunds.com. 12 de mayo de 2010. Archivado desde el original el 18 de mayo de 2010. Consultado el 12 de junio de 2010. 
  16. ↑ «BMW’s "CO2 Champion" Performance Concept is a Plug-in Diesel Hybrid; 50 km/31 mile All-Electric Range; Thermo-electric Generator for Waste Heat Recovery». Green Car Congress. 30 de agosto de 2009. Consultado el 21 de febrero de 2011. 
  17. ↑ Jeff Cobb (15 de junio de 2015). «Three More Plug-in Cars Cross 25,000 Sales Milestone». HybridCars.com. Consultado el 28 de junio de 2015. 
  18. ↑ Horatiu Boeriu (10 de julio de 2015). «Worldwide sales of BMW i3 and i8 exceed 30,000 units in 2015». BMWBlog. Consultado el 11 de julio de 2015.  A total of 26,205 i3s and 4,456 i8s have been sold worldwide through June 2015. BMW i3 sales totaled 9,846 units during the first half of 2015.
  19. ↑ Levent Ozler (13 de junio de 2012). «First BMW i Store Opens in London: New BMW i3 Concept and BMW i Pedelec Concept». Dexigner. Consultado el 13 de junio de 2012. 
  20. ↑ Eric Loveday (1 de diciembre de 2014). «BMW Commits To Offering Plug-In Hybrid Versions Of All Core-Brand Models». InsideEVs.com. Consultado el 2 de diciembre de 2014. 
  21. ↑ «BMW Group continues its course of profitable growth». Munich: BMW Group. 2 de agosto de 2016. Consultado el 4 de agosto de 2016. 
  22. ↑ a b Duff, Mike (8 de marzo de 2016). «BMW i Chief: Larger i Models Will Offer Optional Range-Extender». Car and Driver. Consultado el 18 de marzo de 2016. 
  23. ↑ a b c «The new 2017 BMW i3 (94 Ah): More range paired to high-level dynamic performance». Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey: BMW Group PressClub USA. 2 de mayo de 2016. Consultado el 3 de mayo de 2016. 
  24. ↑ Jay Cole (January 2016). «Monthly Plug-In Electric Sales Scorecard». InsideEvs.com. Consultado el 17 de enero de 2016. 
  25. ↑ a b Mat Gasnier (19 de julio de 2014). «World Full Year 2013: Discover the Top 1000 best-selling models!». Best Selling Cars Blog. Consultado el 27 de julio de 2014.  A total of 1,477 i3s were registered in 2013. Includes press fleet vehicles and dealer demonstrators.
  26. ↑ a b c «BMW Group sells more than 2 million vehicles in 2014». Munich: BMW Group PressClub Global. 9 de enero de 2015. Consultado el 10 de enero de 2015.  A total of 16,052 i3s and 1,741 i8s were sold in 2014.
  27. ↑ a b c «BMW Group achieves fifth consecutive record sales year». Detroit/Munich: BMW Group. 11 de enero de 2016. Consultado el 17 de enero de 2016.  A total of 29,513 BMW i brand units were delivered to customers worldwide in 2015, up 65.9% from 2014, consisting of 24,057 BMW i3s and 5,456 BMW i8s.
  28. ↑ «BMW Group achieves best sales month ever». Munich: BMW Group PressClub Global. 12 de abril de 2016. Consultado el 12 de abril de 2016.  A total of 5,128 BMW i electric vehicles have been delivered to customers worldwide during the first quarter of 2016.
  29. ↑ a b «BMW Group sales continue to grow». Munich: BMW Group PressClub Global. 13 de mayo de 2016. Consultado el 13 de mayo de 2016.  A total of 2,181 BMW i electric vehicles were delivered to customers worldwide in April 2016, of which, 1,854 were i3 models.
  30. ↑ «BMW Group sales achieve best-ever June result». Munich: BMW Group Global. 12 de julio de 2016. Consultado el 14 de julio de 2016. 
  31. ↑ a b «BMW Group sales grow steadily for best-ever July». Munich: BMW Group Global. 10 de agosto de 2016. Consultado el 20 de agosto de 2016. 
  32. ↑ Voelcker, John (12 de julio de 2016). «BMW still leads U.S. plug-in sales percentages; X5 plug-in hybrid SUV helps». Green Car Reports. Consultado el 14 de julio de 2016. 
  33. ↑ Kane, Mark (20 de agosto de 2016). «BMW Sells 1 Of 10 Vehicles With A Plug In July For US, Surprises With Nearly 1,500 Sales i3 Sales». InsideEVs.com. Consultado el 20 de agosto de 2016. 
  34. ↑ «BMW Group: Megacity Vehicle to launch in 2013». BMW (press release). 22 de abril de 2010. Consultado el 3 de agosto de 2010. 
  35. ↑ Jay Cole (29 de julio de 2013). «BMW i3 Range Extender To Offer Up to 87 More Miles, Decreases Performance». InsideEVs.com. Consultado el 29 de julio de 2013. 
  36. ↑ a b Lilly, Chris (2 de mayo de 2016). «New BMW i3 gets 195 mile range». Next Green Car UK. Consultado el 4 de mayo de 2016. 
  37. ↑ Siler, Steve (May 2016). «2017 BMW i3: Now with More Electric Range». Car and Driver. Consultado el 4 de mayo de 2016. 
  38. ↑ BMW Group (6 de noviembre de 2013). «The new BMW i3 - Press pack». BMW Group Press Club UK. Consultado el 7 de noviembre de 2013. 
  39. ↑ Eric Loveday (2 de mayo de 2014). «BMW Announces Delivery Of First US i3». InsideEVs.com. Consultado el 2 de mayo de 2014. 
  40. ↑ a b Jeff Cobb (6 de enero de 2015). «December 2014 Dashboard». HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Consultado el 10 de enero de 2015.  See section "December 2014 Battery Electric Car Sales Numbers"
  41. ↑ a b Jeff Cobb (6 de enero de 2016). «December 2015 Dashboard». HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Consultado el 17 de enero de 2016. 
  42. ↑ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2014). «Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen im Dezember 2013 nach Segmenten und Modellreihen» [New registrations of passenger cars in December 2013 by segment and model series] (en german). KBA. Consultado el 10 de mayo de 2014.  A total of 559 units were registered in Germany in 2013.
  43. ↑ a b Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2015). «Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen nach Segmenten und Modellreihen im Dezember 2014» [New registrations of passenger cars in December 2014 by segment and model] (en german). KBA. Consultado el 27 de enero de 2015.  A total of 2,233 i3s and 400 i8s were registered in Germany in 2014.
  44. ↑ a b Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA) (January 2016). «Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen nach Segmenten und Modellreihen im Dezember 2015» [New registrations of passenger cars by segments and models in December 2015] (en german). KBA. Consultado el 17 de enero de 2016.  A total of 2,271 i3s and 393 i8s were registered in Germany in 2015.
  45. ↑ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2014). «CO2-utslippet i desember 2013» [CO2 emissions in December 2013] (en norwegian). OFV. Consultado el 17 de enero de 2016.  A total of 51 new i3s were registered in Norway in 2013.
  46. ↑ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2015). «CO2-utslippet i desember 2014» [CO2 emissions in December 2014] (en norwegian). OFV. Consultado el 14 de febrero de 2015.  See graph: Gjennomsnittlig CO2-utslipp for registrerte ney personbiler per modell 2014, til og med desember.
  47. ↑ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2016). «Bilsalget i desember» [Car sales in December] (en norwegian). OFV. Consultado el 17 de enero de 2016.  A total of 2,403 new i3s, including the REx variant, were registered in Norway in 2015.
  48. ↑ a b RAC Foundation (18 de septiembre de 2015). «Ultra-green cars - latest on-the-road figures». RAC Foundation. Consultado el 4 de octubre de 2015.  A total of 1,534 BMW i3s were registered in the UK at the end of December 2014, and 823 BMW i8s were registered in the UK at the end of June 2015.
  49. ↑ Staff (15 de enero de 2016). «Record-breaking year for plug-in cars». Fleet News. Consultado el 17 de enero de 2016.  A total of 2,213 BMW i3s were registered in the UK in 2015.
  50. ↑ Jose, Pontes (30 de abril de 2016). «World Top 10 March 2016». EVSales.com. Consultado el 13 de mayo de 2016.  A total of 3,998 BMW i3s were delivered worldwide during the first quarter of 2016.
  51. ↑ «Statement and presentation by Dr. Norbert Reithofer, Chairman of the Board of Management of BMW AG, Annual Accounts Press Conference in Munich on 18 March 2015». Munich: BMW Group. 18 de marzo de 2015. Consultado el 21 de marzo de 2015. 
  52. ↑ Jeff Cobb (10 de febrero de 2015). «2014's Top-10 Global Best-Selling Plug-in Cars». HybridCars.com. Consultado el 21 de marzo de 2015.  A total of 16,052 i3s were sold in 2014, with global cumulative sales since their introduction totaling 17,529 units through the end of 2014.
  53. ↑ Cobb, Jeff (12 de enero de 2016). «Tesla Model S Was World’s Best-Selling Plug-in Car in 2015». HybridCars.com. Consultado el 23 de enero de 2016.  The Tesla Model S was the top selling plug-in electric car in 2015 (50,366), followed by the Nissan Leaf (about 43,000), the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (about 39,000), the BYD Qin (31,898) and the BMW i3 (24,057).
  54. ↑ a b BMW Group (7 de agosto de 2013). «BMW Group presents prototype of i8 plug-in hybrid; first use of new 3-cylinder engine». Green Car Congress. Consultado el 8 de agosto de 2013. 
  55. ↑ Anita Lienert (2 de agosto de 2013). «2015 BMW i8 Set for Debut at 2013 Frankfurt Auto Show». Edmunds.com. Consultado el 6 de agosto de 2013. 
  56. ↑ Pia Krix (9 de agosto de 2013). «BMW sees U.S., UK, Germany as top markets for i8». Automotive News Europe. Consultado el 11 de agosto de 2013. 
  57. ↑ Eric Loveday (16 de agosto de 2014). «BMW Delivers First US i8». InsideEVs.com. Consultado el 16 de agosto de 2014. 
  58. ↑ Bruce, Chris (12 de febrero de 2016). «Protonic Red BMW i8 will bow in Geneva». Autoblog.com. Consultado el 13 de febrero de 2016.  See details in the original BMW press release.
  59. ↑ Hong, Patrick (2010). «Future Vision». Road & Track 61 (7): 40-45. 
  60. ↑ a b United States Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (4 de julio de 2014). «Compare Side-by-Side: 2014 BMW i3 BEV & 2014 BMW i3 REx». fueleconomy.gov. Consultado el 4 de julio de 2014. 
  61. ↑ a b U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (25 de julio de 2014). «Fueleconomy.gov's Top Ten EPA-Rated Fuel Sippers (1984 to present) - All Years». fueleconomy.gov. Consultado el 25 de julio de 2014.  Excludes all-electric vehicles. Click on the tab "EPA Rated - All Years. The 2013-2014 Chevrolet Volt has a combined fuel economy of 62 MPG-e.
  62. ↑ a b United States Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (20 de agosto de 2014). «Model Year 2014 Fuel Economy Guide - Electric vehicles & Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (updated August 2014)». fueleconomy.gov. Consultado el 26 de agosto de 2014.  pp. 33 and 36
  63. ↑ Cobb, Jeff (11 de agosto de 2016). «2017 BMW i3 EPA Rated For 114 Miles Range». HybridCars.com. Consultado el 12 de agosto de 2016. 
  64. ↑ a b U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (25 de julio de 2014). «Most Efficient EPA Certified Vehicles». fueleconomy.gov. Consultado el 25 de julio de 2014.  Current Model Year excludes all-electric vehicles.
  65. ↑ John Voelcker (1 de mayo de 2014). «2014 BMW i3 Electric Car Rated At 81 Miles, 124 MPGe: BREAKING». Green Car Reports. Consultado el 1 de mayo de 2014.  See details in EPA window sticker.
  66. ↑ John Voelcker (2 de mayo de 2014). «2014 BMW i3 Range-Extended Model Gets Full $2,500 CA Rebate For Electric Cars». Green Car Reports. Consultado el 2 de mayo de 2014. 
  67. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (21 de agosto de 2014). «2014 BMW i8». Fueleconomy.gov. Consultado el 22 de agosto de 2014. 
  68. ↑ Millikin, Mike (22 de marzo de 2016). «BMW prices 330e iPerformance PHEV in US starting at $44,695; 14 miles AER». Green Car Congress. Consultado el 12 de abril de 2016. 

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