Usuario:Juan Villalobos/wb/004
Distinción, junto con Necesidad militar y proporcionalidad, son tres importantes principios del derecho internacional humanitario que gobiernan el uso legal de la fuerza en un conflicto armado.
Este principio determina que los beligerantes deben distinguir entre combatientes y civiles.
Según la Cruz Roja Internacional,[1] La piedra angular de los Protocolos adicionales de 1977 es el principio de distinción, según el cual las partes en un conflicto armado deben distinguir entre civiles y combatientes así como entre bienes de carácter civil y objetivos militares. El respeto de este principio es indispensable para la protección de los civiles. Los Protocolos adicionales I y II prohíben:
- que los combatientes simulen ser civiles;
- los ataques indiscriminados;
- los actos o las amenazas de violencia a fin de aterrorizar a la población civil;
- la destrucción de bienes que son indispensables para la supervivencia de la población civil;
- dirigir actos hostiles contra los lugares de culto o los monumentos históricos.
No serán objeto de ataque la población civil como tal ni las personas civiles.”Artículo 51, Protocolo adicional I
Distinction is a principle under international humanitarian law governing the legal use of force in an armed conflict, whereby belligerents must distinguish between combatants and civilians.[2][3] Distinction and proportionality are important factors in assessing military necessity in that the harm caused to civilians or civilian property must be proportional and not "excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated" by an attack on a military objective.[4]
Codification[editar]
Distinction is covered by Protocol I (Additional to the Geneva Conventions), Chapter II: "Civilians and Civilian Population". Article 50 defines who is a civilian and what is a civilian population; article 51 describes the protection which should be given to civilian populations; and chapter III regulates the targeting of civilian objects. Article 8(2)(b)(i) of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court also prohibits attack directed against civilians. Not all states have ratified Protocol I or the Rome Statute, but it is an accepted principle of international humanitarian law that the direct targeting of civilians is a breach of the customary laws of war and is binding on all belligerents.
Luis Moreno-Ocampo, fiscal de la Corte internacional de justicia encargado de investigar las acusaciones de crímenes de guerra durante la guerra de Irak de 2003, publicó una carta abierta en la que define su punto de vista sobre "distinción":
Under international humanitarian law and the Rome Statute, the death of civilians during an armed conflict, no matter how grave and regrettable, does not in itself constitute a war crime. International humanitarian law and the Rome Statute permit belligerents to carry out proportionate attacks against military objectives,[4] even when it is known that some civilian deaths or injuries will occur. A crime occurs if there is an intentional attack directed against civilians (principle of distinction) (Article 8(2)(b)(i)) or an attack is launched on a military objective in the knowledge that the incidental civilian injuries would be clearly excessive in relation to the anticipated military advantage (principle of proportionality) (Article 8(2)(b)(iv).
En la ley internacional humanitaria y en el estatuto de Roma, la muerte de civiles durante un conflicto armado, aparte de su gravedad y desgracia, no constituye en sí mismo un crimen de guerra. La ley internacional humanitaria y el Estatuto de Roma permiten a los beligerantes llevar a cabo ataques de proporción adecuada contra objetivos militares, aún cuando se sabe que causarán muertos o heridos civiles. Un crimen ocurre cuando el ataque esta dirigido intencionalmente contra civiles (principio de distinción) (artículo 8(2) (b)(i)) o cuando se lanza un ataque contra un objetivo militar sabiendo que las bajas civiles serán claramente excesivas en relación a la ventaja militar que se espera obtener (principio de proporcionalidad) (artículo8(2)(b)(iv))Article 8(2)(b)(iv) criminalizes:
(c) and whether (a) was "clearly excessive" in relation to (b).
Intentionally launching an attack in the knowledge that such attack will cause incidental loss of life or injury to civilians or damage to civilian objects or widespread, long-term and severe damage to the natural environment which would be clearly excessive in relation to the concrete and direct overall military advantage anticipated;
Article 8(2)(b)(iv) draws on the principles in Article 51(5)(b) of the 1977 Additional Protocol I to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, but restricts the criminal prohibition to cases that are "clearly" excessive. The application of Article 8(2)(b)(iv) requires, inter alia, an assessment of:
(a) the anticipated civilian damage or injury;
(b) the anticipated military advantage;
Historia[editar]
Véase también[editar]
Referencias[editar]
- ↑ Crur Roja Internacional, Distinguir
- ↑ Greenberg, 2011, Illegal Targeting of Civilians.
- ↑ Civilian in this instance means civilians who are non-combatants. Article 51.3 of Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions explains that "Civilians shall enjoy the protection afforded by this section, unless and for such time as they take a direct part in hostilities".
- ↑ a b Article 52 of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions provides a widely-accepted definition of military objective: "In so far as objects are concerned, military objectives are limited to those objects which by their nature, location, purpose or use make an effective contribution to military action and whose total or partial destruction, capture or neutralization, in the circumstances ruling at the time, offers a definite military advantage" (Source: Moreno-Ocampo, 2006, page 5, footnote 11).
- ↑ Moreno-Ocampo, 2006, See section "Allegations concerning War Crimes" Pages 4,5.
Enlaces externos[editar]
- Greenberg, Joel (2011), Illegal Targeting of Civilians, www.crimesofwar.org/about/crimes-of-war/ Crimes of War Education Project.
- Moreno-Ocampo, Luis (9 February 2006), OTP letter to senders re Iraq, www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/default.aspx International Criminal court.. See section "Allegations concerning War Crimes" Pages 4,5
- Hampson, Françoise (2011), Military Necessity, www.crimesofwar.org/about/crimes-of-war/ Crimes of War Education Project, archivado desde el original el 7 de junio de 2013.
- Powers, Rod, Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC), About.com Guide.
Categoría:Derecho de guerra]] Categoría:Terminología militar]]