Usuario:Pathan.tribes

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The Tanolis(Taniwal or Tanawalis) (Urdu: تنولی ) are a prominent and famous Muslim Pashtun tribe residing mainly in Amb Hazara Division of the North-West Frontier Province Pakistan And Some Tanoli tribes still live in Gardaiz and Ghazni (both cities of Afghanistan

Tanubal River[editar]

They claim to have migrated from a place called "Tanubal River" in Afghanistan Some Tanoli tribes still live in Gardaiz and Ghazni (both cities of Afghanistan)Tanolis came to Swat from Afghanistan after the invasions of Sultan Sabuktagin They came to form a new state. The head of the Swat state at that time was Anwar Khan Tanoli. The Tanolis entered the North-West Frontier Province history from the early 13th century,

Richest tribe[editar]

Tanolis are the Richest tribe of Hazara in terms of land ownership. They are the largest in population. Upper Tanawal and Lower Tanawal which cover the greater part of Hazara have been ruled by Tanolis for centuries. They have ruled the state of Amb of Hazara since the beginning of 18th century. During the late 17th century, Turks were overthrown by Swatis in areas of Upper Hazara. Tanolis, however, remained loyal to the Turks until the end of latters rule in Hazara. The Yousafzai tribe came to Swat in approximately 1450 and began fighting with former Pushtun tribes of Afridi Tanoli Swati and Dilazak After several bloody battles between the Tanolis and the Yousafzais Tanoli Sultan Ameer Khan was martyred while fighting with Yousafzais at Topi near Swabi The Tanolis were pushed to the eastern bank of river Indus. Tanolis migrated to the Tanawal in 1472 and defeated the Rajputs and Rajas After gaining hold in the area the Tanoli jirga appointed Zabardast Khan as the head of the state Tanawal.

Tanoli Original Language is Pashto[editar]

Some Tanoli tribes still live in Gardaiz and Ghazni (both cities of Afghanistan

Original Tanolis was Pashto but some Tanoli Peshawar and pakistan hazara have forgotten it and now speak Urdu or Hindko in areas where the majority speaks this language.[Tanolis]] living in Pashtun dominated areas speak Pashto and those living in others countries speak dominant language of those states e.g. English as this is a natural phenomenon. Hindko is an ancient language spoken in the Indian subcontinent. ... Pashto also known as Afghan, Pushto, Pashto, Pashtoe, Pashtu, and Pukhto) is the language spoken by the ethnic Afghan otherwise known as the Pashtun people who inhabit Afghanistan and the Western provinces of Pakistan.

Pashtun Origin[editar]

The most prominent theory is that the people who came to be known as "Tanolis" are identified as such due to their link with a particular geographical setting in which they found themselves (i.e. Tanawal State). Contemporary Tanolis are not a singular tribe but a collection of smaller groups which consists of those who call themselves Tanolis because they have resided in an area called Tanawal and those who are sub-groups, septs or clans of different Pashtun tribes representing major Afghan khels (sub tribes) in the State of Tanawal. Many other Tanoli clans have argued the theories of their origins. For example the Hassanals have always maintained that they are actually Hassanzais from the Kala Dhaka or Black Mountains - Tur ghar and adopted the nomenclature of the Tanoli area when they left their own areas, due to tribal feuds with other clans located there. The fact that there was also a non-Hassanzai group with that name did not matter as there are many sub-tribal names which are identical but with different tribal affiliations. This also seems quite plausible given the fact that Tanolis in ;; Agror Valley, Mansehra[[and the surroundings speak Pashto as their first language if not exclusively. This is documented in the first Hazara Gazetteer written soon after the settlement of Hazara by Captain James Abbott. This book also mentions the fact that the original language of the Tanolis was Pashto but some have forgotten it and now speak Hindko in areas where the majority speaks this language. Tanoli clan names do not all follow the Pashtun style, such as end with khel or zai. Considering the case of Afridis, Mohmands, Waziris as prominent Pashtun tribes, who also don't follow this practice the case of Tanoli tribe is not unusual. Recently some Tanolis clans such as Mamakhel use the typical khel ending in their branch. Thus there is no justification for rejecting Tanolis as Pakhtuns. It would seem that there are among the Tanolis a great majority who have Pashtun heritage but there are also those who call themselves Tanolis because the area is more important for their identity than a Pashtun one - Swatis are another Pashtun tribe named after their abode prior to their settlement in Hazara. The majority still would back a Pashtun label as an ethnic identity. Erroneous assertions have been made in the past in relation to other Pashtun tribes when dubious links were made between Rajput and Pashtun tribal names by Sir Alexander Cunningham, author of the History of the Sikhs, when he noticed some similarity between Rajput clan/caste names and Pashtun tribal appendages. (See Swatis.) It must also be noted that Dr Sher Bahadur Khan comments that the Tanawalis consist of various Afghan tribes though majority are from different branches of Yusufzais including the Hassanzais of Tur Ghar (Black Mountains). Also a small minority of 'Tanolis' residing in Tanawal, have their origin in the eastern edges of Hazara, in the Galliats, where some of the leading families claim Abbasid ancestry.

Barlas Mugal Theory[editar]

Another, but less probable, theory is of the Barlas Mugal origin. It is said that they were settled in the region of Tanawal and established their Jirgas and evicted tribes that were already settled there. Over time they intermarried with other Pashtun and Turkic tribes hence and settled in the region. It is cited, but without proof, that Nawabzada Salahudeen Saeed has aso mentioned of the possibility of this descent. If true this would lends strong credibility to this theory and thus confirm that the first family of Amb are Mughals and not Pathans in origin. But it is well evidenced from an article in the Herald International, and other sources, that he has confirmed, along with other leading members of the Nwab family, that they are Afghans and thus it is accepted the authentic Tanawalis are Pakhtuns. In summary, it can be said that the given that Mughals, Turks and Pashtuns are related to each other throughout the former Afghanistan, which includes its eastern province i.e. present day North West Frontier Province of Pakistan, it can be safely asserted that the majority culture and bloodline is Afghan and therefore the Tanawalis are by their own traditions, and by definition of their Pashtun neighbours, such as Swatis, Jaduns, and other Black Mountain tribes {Hassanzais, Maddakhel and Akkazais)considered to be authentic Pashtuns - see references of historical works by Tanawalis and other Afghan writers below.

Tanoli Taniwal or Tanawalis Famous Personalities[editar]

Sardar Zabardast Khan/ Suba Khan Tanoli[editar]

In AD 1752 the Tanoli Chief Sardaar Zabardast Khan allied with fellow Afghan, and King of AfghnistanAhmed Shah Abdali, in his conquest of India. His renown was such, that he gained the title of Suba Khan from Ahmed Shah Abdali for his bravery in the historical battle against the Marathas at Panipat, where two hundred and fifty thousand strong army of Marathas were famously defeated by just sixty thousand of Abdali's soldiers and allied Muslim tribes. His later grandson, Mir Nawab Khan saw the Durrani empire crumbling and defeated the Durranis, thus freeing his kingdom of their control, however, in this battle he was killed by Sardaar Azim Khan.

Mir Sar-Buland Khan[editar]

During the Governorship of the Sikh general Hari Singh Nalwa, Mir Sar-Buland Khan Tanoli, was very rebellious towards him. He allied with Mir Painda Khan and Muhammad Khan Tareen as well as chiefs of the Pakhtun Jadun tribes against them. Whilst engaged in one battle, Hari Singh Nalwa shot dead his son Sher Muhammad Khan. He continued his rebellion regardless and unrelented in his repeat incursions against them, though without success against the militarily superior opposition. At one point, he and Mir Painda Khan besieged and conquered Darband fort from the Sikh chief Sardar Gordat Singh.

Mir Painda Khan[editar]

Mir Painda Khan is famed for his staunch rebellion against Maharaja Ranjit Singh's Governors of Hazara. He was the son of Mir Nawab Khan, who defeated the Durranis and freed his kingdom from their influence.

From about 1813, he spent a life long rebellion against the Sikhs, who, realising the potential of his rebellion, set up forts at strategic locations to keep him in check. Hari Singh Nalwa took this initiative during his governorship. Painda Khan's relentless rebellion against the Sikh empire, cost him a major portion of his Kingdom, leaving only his twin capitals Amb and Darband. However, this deterred him less and appeared to increase his resistance against the Sikh government. The District Gazetteer of the North-West Frontier Province (p138) confirms, "Painda Khan, played a considerable part in the history of his time and vigorously opposed the Sikhs." Mir Painda Khan set the tone for the regional resistance against Sikh rule. Men who made the North-West Frontier (Charles Allen, Abacus 2001, p139) attests, "There was a long history of conflict between Jehandad Khan's family and the Sikhs, and the name of his father Painda Khan, was said to be 'magic to the ears of the people of Hazara' because of the struggles he fought on behalf of his 'poor circumscribed and rugged principality' against the Sikhs. Abbot was aware that before his death Painda Khan had made his son (Jehandad Khan) swear never to trust his safety to any ruler." Eventually, realising that the Heroic Tanoli Khan would not be subdued by force, General Dhaurikal Singh, commanding officer of the Sikh troops in Hazara, had Painda Khan poisoned to death in September 1844. He is still revered in Hazara today as a "Heroic Warrior King of the People". In 1828 Mir Painda Khan gifted the State of Phulra to his brother Mir Madad Khan.

Mir Jehandad Khan Tanoli[editar]

This Tanoli chief deserves special mention as the son of a famous Tanoli hero of Amb Darband Hazara, Mir Painda Khan. It is mentioned in Men who made the North-West Frontier (Charles Allen, Abacus 2001, p139) that "Of all the tribal chiefs of Hazara, the most powerful said to be Jehandad Khan of the Tanoli, whose land straddled both banks of the Indus and whose fellow-tribesmen were 'brave and hardy and accounted for the best swordsmen in Hazara'. There was a long history of conflict between Jehandad Khan's family and the Sikhs, and the name of his father Painda Khan, was said to be 'magic to the ears of the people of Hazara' because of the struggles he fought on behalf of his 'poor circumscribed and rugged principality' against the Sikhs. Abbot was aware that before his death Painda Khan had made his son (Jehandad Khan) swear never to trust his safety to any ruler." This was a strong testament to the physical, political power and heroic background of the House of Tanoli which continued throughout the history of the tribes ancestry. Mir Jehandad Khan is further mentioned in the same source as, "Jehandad Khan - a good looking young man of 26 years, tall and slender, with remarkably large and fine eyes - rode into Abbott's encampment surrounded by an escort of horsemen clad in shirts of mail and steel skull caps, handsomely mounted and equipped, who made a most picturesque display....the bystanders, who regarded the Chief with great awe, were thunderstruck.." In 1852, Jehandad Khan was summonsed by the President of the Board of Administration (who travelled to Hazara to see the Khan) in relation to a murder enquiry of two British civilians in his lands. It is mentioned in the above source (p203,p204) that "Jehan Dad Khan, the head of the Clan, and his minister Boostan Khan...knowing himself charged for his life, with the air of a prince sat down....answered all questions in an easy off hand way that looked very much like innocence. I was glad when the examination was over and the men let go, for they had a following of five or six hundred men, all stalwart fellows who had accompanied their Chief..." The President ended the talk by threatening him that, "If you refuse to give up the murderers...I will come with an army to burn your villages and give your country to another." It is said that the Khan replied, folding hands and with some fun replied with his elders, "We should consider your presence (in our kingdom) an honor, but our country is a 'rather difficult one' for your army." This famed statement was the talk of the day and remembered by many locals of Hazara even to this day as a heroic answer to a staunch threat from a powerful official. His son, Nawab Bahadur Sir Muhammed Akram Khan was conferred the title Nawab Bahadur by the British Raj.

Nawab Sir Muhammad Akram Khan[editar]

The next chief of the Tanolis and son of Mir Jahandad Khan was Nawab Sir Akram Khan (1868 - 1907). He was a popular chief and it was during his tenure that the fort at Shergarh was constructed, along with Dogah and Thakot. His rule was a peaceful time for Tanawal with no major conflicts.

Nawab Khanizaman khan[editar]

Nawab Khanizaman Khan succeeded his father in taking over the reins of power in Tanawal in Amb. He helped the British in carrying out the Black Mountain (Kala Dhaka/Tur Ghar)expeditions.

Malik Nawab Khan Tanoli[editar]

Malik Nawab Khan was a great personality of Lower Tanawal. He had his own small state Jarna in Abbottabad. Major Abbot mentioned him as a "Brave man" in his book written on Abbottabad. Malik Nawab Khan was a learned man and an able soldier. He was a strong religious man. He was the last chief of Tanoli Jirga. Malik Nawab Khan was among the fellow tribesmen of famous Mir Jehandad Khan.

Tanolis Today[editar]

The majority of Tanolis reside in the former state of Amb in the Hazara division of the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. A branch of the Tanoli tribe also resides in Kashmir mainly in Muzaffarabad. The famous ancestral forefather of this Kashmiri branch was Amir Mir-ullah. Tanolis have a big area of territory called Upper Tanawal and Lower Tanawal. Upper Tanawal is considered as backward area and has its quota in Govt of Pakistan. Tanolis have their majority throughout Hazara Division Abbottabad, Haripur, Mansehra, Battagram, Kohistan. Tanolis are also living in some areas of Swabi, Nowshera, Rawalpindi, Gujar Khan and Sultanpur. A large number of Tanolis are also living in Karachi.

Their main language is Hindko. Tanolis living in Pashtun dominated areas speak Pushtu and those living in Punjab speak Punjabi and others living in others countries speak dominant language of those states e.g. English as this is a natural phenomenon.

Some Tanolis migrated to UK after the 2nd World War to help rebuild the war ravaged country. Tanolis are rich in culture values and strongly follow the customs of their Pakhtun ancestorsGazetteer of Hazara District 1883-4.

Famous Tanolis of Today[editar]

Some famous personalities of the Pakhtun Tanoli tribe in this modern era are:

Ayub Khan Tanoli[editar]

He was a lawyer and well-known politician. He remained as Minister of Law and Education NWFP. He belonged to Sherwan in Abbottabad.

Jamshed Khan Tanoli[editar]

Jamshed Khan Tanoli from Jarral served as Secretary of Education NWFP. During his service he was famous for his honesty throughout the province.

Nawabzadah Salahuddin Saeed Tanoli[editar]

He is grandson of Nawab Farid Khan, the last Nawab of Tanawal, and son of Muhammad Saeed Khan who passed away in 1974. The Nawabzadah has been elected to the National Assembly as an MNA for Mansehra NA15 from 1985 to 1999. He held important posts in the Federal Government as a cabinet minister and chairman of standing committees and travelled abroad as a representative of Pakistan, including the General Assembly of the United Nations.

References[editar]

Gazetteer of the Hazara District, 1883-4 (p38).

Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province H.A Rose, p255 & p256

Chiefs and Families of Note in Punjab by Lepel H.Griffin (1910, ii, p254)

Gazetteer of the North-Western Frontier Province p138.

Gazeteer of Hazara District (1883/4). (p.61)

History of the Sikhs by J.D. Cunnigham, (1849).

Panjab Castes by Denzil Ibbetson, Delhi, p93.

The Jaduns by Sultan Khan Jadun (2001).

Tarikh-ul-Afghan ka Tehqiqi Jahiza by Sultan Khan Jadun (1979).

Tairikh-e-Hazara by Dr Sher Bahadur Khan Panni.

Journal of Central Asia Vol XII, (July 1990), Prof. Ahmed Hasan Dani, July, 1990 p79.

Soldier Sahibs: The Men who made the North-Western Frontier by Charles Allen, Abacus 2001