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In the case of adult males, there has been disagreement on whether an adult male prisoner of war must be executed, must not be executed, or can be executed. One opinion is that all adult, male prisoners of war must be executed under all circumstances, except those who convert to Islam; this has never been widely believed or upheld. The second traditional opinion is that all adult, male prisoners of war must be executed, except for those who convert to Islam or those who are Christian or Jewish prisoners and who accept to henceforth pay the jizya tributary tax. Again, this was never widely upheld, and as the Muslim caliphate expanded, other major religions, such as Zoroastrianism and Hinduism, were given the same protected status as Jews and Christians. The third traditional opinion is that no prisoners of war may be executed; this is the most widely accepted view. The Hanafi Maddhab views that prisoners must remain as such until the war is over, and then freed. A fourth opinion is that all adult, male prisoners of war must be executed (except those who convert) until the cessation of major hostilites, after which they can be executed at the discretion of the Islamic supreme leader or those legally deputized by him. This opinion was upheld by the medieval Muslim judge, Sa'id bin Jubair (665-714 AD). A fifth opinion is that adult, male prisoners of war may be executed at the discretion of the Islamic supreme leader, or those legally deputized by him. This fifth opinion was upheld by the Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali schools of Islamic jurisprudence. The Shiah Jafari school of Islamic jurisprudence holds similar views on the matter.